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chapter-ihsm/chapter.tex
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@ -104,14 +104,14 @@ laboratory using complex equipment. An HSM in principle has to have this examin
Physical seals are used in a wide variety of applications. The most interesting ones from a research point of view that
are recorded in public literature are those used for the monitoring of nuclear material under the International Atomic
Energy Authority (IAEA). Most of these seals use the same approach that is used in Physically Unclonable Functions
(PUFs), though their development predates that of PUFs by several decades. The seal is created in a way that
intentionally causes large, random device-to-device variations. These variations are precisely recorded at deployment.
At the end of the seal's lifetime, the seal is returned to a lab and closely examined to check for any deviations from
the seal's prior recorded state. The type of variation used in these seals includes random scratches in metal parts and
random blobs of solder (IAEA metal cap seal), randomly cut optical fibers (COBRA seal), the uncontrollably random
distribution of glitter particles in a polymer matrix (COBRA seal prototypes) as well as the precise three-dimensional
surface structure of metal parts at microscopic scales (LMCV)~\cite{iaea2011}.
Energy Authority (IAEA). Most of these seals use the same approach that is used in Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs),
though their development predates that of PUFs by several decades. The seal is created in a way that intentionally
causes large, random device-to-device variations. These variations are precisely recorded at deployment. At the end of
the seal's lifetime, the seal is returned to a lab and closely examined to check for any deviations from the seal's
prior recorded state. The type of variation used in these seals includes random scratches in metal parts and random
blobs of solder (IAEA metal cap seal), randomly cut optical fibers (COBRA seal), the uncontrollably random distribution
of glitter particles in a polymer matrix (COBRA seal prototypes) as well as the precise three-dimensional surface
structure of metal parts at microscopic scales (LMCV)~\cite{iaea2011}.
The IAEA's equipment portfolio does include electronic seals such as the EOSS. These devices are intended for remote
reading, similar to an HSM. They are constructed from two components: A cable that is surveilled for tampering, and a
@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ security barrier. In industry, mesh membranes are commonly used for tamper dete
systems for a variety of use cases ranging from low-security payment processing to high-security certificate management.
From this, we can conclude that a properly implemented mesh \emph{can} provide a practical level of security. In
contrast to this industry focus, academic research has largely focused on ways to fabricate enclosures that embed
characteristics of a Physically Unclonable Function as a means of tamper detection~\cite{tobisch2020,immler2019}. By
using stochastic properties of the enclosure material to form a PUF, such academic designs leverage signal processing
techniques to improve the system's security level by a significant margin.
characteristics of a PUF as a means of tamper detection~\cite{tobisch2020,immler2019}. By using stochastic properties of
the enclosure material to form a PUF, such academic designs leverage signal processing techniques to improve the
system's security level by a significant margin.
In our research, we focus on security meshes as our IHSM's tamper sensors. The cost of advanced manufacturing
techniques and special materials used in fine commercial meshes poses an obstacle to small-scale manufacturing and