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QKD: Update figures

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103
chapter-qkd/chapter.tex
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@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ computational security based on the computational hardness assumption underlying
QKD is attractive in that it gives practically useful security guarantees without relying on any computational hardness
assumptions. This way, QKD would remain secure even in a scenario where a hybrid deployment of a classically secure but
mature algorithm paired with a quantum secure but young algorithm as discussed in Section
\label{qc-practical-implications} poses too much of a risk---a scenario where both large quantum computers arrive and a
\ref{qc-practical-implications} poses too much of a risk---a scenario where both large quantum computers arrive and a
flaw in the quantum secure algorithm is found. Note that here, because we assume we have large quantum computers, the
possibility of a flaw in the quantum secure algorithm extends beyond mathematical flaws leading to practical attacks
with classical computers, and includes novel quantum algorithms.
@ -631,14 +631,16 @@ these mitigations provide is much below that of the rest of the mesh. Thus, a be
Previously, in Chapter \todoplaceholder{provide link to mesh protection overview from OG IHSM paper} we have alluded to
several \emph{shielding} methods that use a second, independently rotating mesh on the inside of the primary mesh,
located right next to the primary mesh's axis opening. In this section, we will go into some more detail on three
variations of this solution. In order of increasing complexity, these variations are a simple disc cover, offset
labyrinth meshes, and interlocking gear meshes. We will demonstrate a functional prototype of the simple disc cover,
present a design and mechanical prototypes of the offset labyrinth meshes, and provide details on the design of a
interlocking gear mesh.
located right next to the primary mesh's axis opening. In this section, we will go into some more detail on four
variations of this solution. In order of increasing complexity, these variations are a simple disc cover, coaxial
labyrinth meshes, offset labyrinth meshes, and interlocking gear meshes. We will demonstrate a functional prototype of
the simple disc cover, present a design and mechanical prototypes of the offset labyrinth meshes, and provide details on
the design of a interlocking gear mesh.
\subsection{Simple disc cover}
\todo{Update these graphics with final color scheme, and update caption text here}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth,page=1]{shaft_countermeasures_b.pdf}
@ -646,27 +648,42 @@ interlocking gear mesh.
outer mesh is shown in red, and the inner mesh in blue. The dashed line indicates the two meshes' shared axis of
rotation. The gray areas indicate the shape of the volume that remains undisturbed by the mesh, and that is
available for structural support and cable routing.}
\label{qkd_fig_disc_mesh}
\end{figure}
\todo{Update these graphics with final color scheme, and update caption text here}
In Chapter \todoplaceholder{Provide link to single-board IHSM chapter here}, we have shown how an IHSM that has been
shrunk to a single, disc-shaped PCB is still useful because we can delegate key management functionality to the mesh
monitoring circuit's microcontroller or a separate processor sitting next to it on the rotating mesh PCB, yielding a
monitoring circuit's microcontroller---or a separate processor sitting next to it---on the rotating mesh PCB, yielding a
solution close in both its cryptographic capabilities and its security level to commercial traditional HSMs, and
exceeding those of a smartcard. In the following paragraphs, we will show how we can deploy the same single-board IHSM
(SB-IHSM) as a mitigation for through-axis attacks, exploiting its mechanical shape and its simple, low-cost
implementation.
By placing an adapted single-board IHSM close to the primary mesh's axis opening, an attacker is forced to either first
circumvent the single-board IHSM through the primary mesh's axis opening, then remove enough of it to gain direct access
ot the payload behind it, or to conduct their attack through the keyhole-sized opening in the primary mesh while bending
their tool by approximately \qty{90}{\degree} at least twice, once to avoid the SB-IHSM mesh, and once more to re-orient
the tool towards the payload. The distance between the inside of the primary mesh and the SB-IHSM is limited by the
tolerance in mechanical alignment between the two axes of rotation, by the space necessary for a sufficiently stable
mount of the payload cage to the hollow shaft, and by the minimum bend radius of the power and data wiring that needs to
pass through the shaft. In QKD applications, the fibers' minimum bend radius is the largest contributor with a minimum
distance of \qty{10}{\milli\meter} that corresponds to the minimum bend radius specification that is common in telecom
fiber optics.\todo{cite bend radius spec}
By placing an adapted single-board IHSM close to the primary mesh's axis opening as shown in Figure\
\ref{qkd_fig_disc_mesh}, an attacker is forced to either first circumvent the single-board IHSM through the primary
mesh's axis opening, then remove enough of it to gain direct access ot the payload behind it, or to conduct their attack
through the keyhole-sized opening in the primary mesh while bending their tool by approximately \qty{90}{\degree} at
least twice, once to avoid the SB-IHSM mesh, and once more to re-orient the tool towards the payload. The distance
between the inside of the primary mesh and the SB-IHSM is limited by the tolerance in mechanical alignment between the
two axes of rotation, by the space necessary for a sufficiently stable mount of the payload cage to the hollow shaft,
and by the minimum bend radius of the power and data wiring that needs to pass through the shaft. In QKD applications,
the fibers' minimum bend radius is the largest contributing factor. Power and electrical data signals can be supplied
through flexible flat cables that can be bent in sharp corners without issue. Optical fibers on the other hand are
limited in their minimum bend radius, as their optical loss rises sharply with decreasing bend radius\footnote{Note that
the issue here is not that the glass core of the fiber would degrade or break, as one might intuitively assume. Being
only a few dozen micrometers in diameter, an optical fiber's core is remarkably flexible. Instead, the issue is that
both multimode as well as singlemode fibers are optical waveguides. Bending them distorts the electromagnetic field
inside the waveguide, and allows some small portion of it to escape from the fiber's core, leading to loss in the form
of both attenuation and dispersion.}. With QKD being especially sensitive to even small amounts of loss, care has to be
taken to maximize the bend radius of the fiber optic connections. A common specification of minimum bend radius in
telecom singlemode fibers taking into account not just optical loss but also the mechanical stability of the fiber's
polymer coating is $10\times$ the coated fiber's diameter, which equates to \qty{9}{\milli\meter} for
common \qty{0.9}{\milli\meter} fiber pigtails.
\todo{cite bend radius spec. fs.com has some on their pigtails. thorlabs on their SM-28 fiber has no spec, but specs
loss at \qty{25}{\milli\meter} radius.}
While
\todoplaceholder{Finish this part.}
@ -688,7 +705,7 @@ inside. Structural support and cables can easily pass this structure in a series
inserting a probe avoiding both meshes would not be feasible as the probe would have to perform a series of sharp
bends.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{\scaledgraphics{wikimedia_Four_Corners_Bank_Vault_cropped.jpg}}
\caption[Photo of a bank vault door]{\camerareadygraphics Photo of a bank vault door at the Four Corners building in
@ -702,20 +719,48 @@ bends.
\end{figure}
Designing this type of labyrinth mesh is similar to the design of the shape of the jamb of a safe door such as the one
shown in Figure\ \ref{qkd_fig_vault_door}, or of a high-end European-style apartment door. In these, the objective is to
prevent would-be burglars from inserting opening tools through the space between the closed door and its jamb and
attacking the door's interior handle or locking mechanism, not unlike an IHSM's defense against electrical or
electromagnetic probes. The one difference between these doors and what we can do in IHSMs is that these doors are
limited to outwards-facing steps because they must be opened and closed. In IHSM labyrinth meshes, we can use both
outwards-facing and inwards-facing steps.
shown in Figure\ \ref{qkd_fig_vault_door}, or of a high end apartment door. In these, the objective is to prevent
would-be burglars from inserting opening tools through the space between the closed door and its jamb and attacking the
door's interior handle or locking mechanism, not unlike an IHSM's defense against electrical or electromagnetic probes.
The one difference between these doors and what we can do in IHSMs is that these doors are limited to outwards-facing
steps because they must be opened and closed. In IHSM labyrinth meshes, we can use both outwards-facing and
inwards-facing steps.
Concentric labyrinth meshes allow for a wide range of different configurations. The pitch from one mesh tab to the
next is the sum of the required width of the inter-mesh space and the safety margin needed betwween any cables or the
inter-mesh bracket and the tabs. This safety margin can be kept low for the primary mesh because this mesh has
high-quality bearings on both ends, leading to good axis alignment. In contrast, for the secondary mesh considerable
inter-mesh bracket and the tabs. When the mesh is constructed using rigid PCB tabs that are inserted as-is, without
bending them, and when all tabs have the same width and thickness, the radial width of the swept area decreases from tab
to tab going outwards as shown in Figure\ \ref{qkd_fig_mesh_ring_reduction}. A consequence of this is that when the
design target are constant width inter-mesh spaces, the tabs' pitch decreases going outwards.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mesh_ring_reduction.pdf}
\caption[Coaxial labyrinth mesh tab swept area]{\draftgraphics Top-down view of a coaxial labyrinth mesh
with three tabs, with the area swept by each tab highlighted. When rigid, planar tabs of a single width $w$ are
used, the radial width of the swept areas decreases and approaches the tabs' thickness $t$ as their radius $r$
increases.
}
\label{qkd_fig_mesh_ring_reduction}
\end{figure}
The safety margin required to avoid collisions between the meshes and the stator\todo{stator is a nice word for the
entire non-rotating part of the assembly. stator/star bracket?} can be kept low for the primary mesh because this mesh
has high-quality bearings on both ends, leading to good axis alignment. In contrast, for the secondary mesh considerable
margins have to be included if the mesh is driven by a cooling fan motor, as the bearings in such fans are not very
precise, leading to the chance of axis misalignment that causes several millimeter of deflection at the outer edge of
the mesh.
precise. With loose bearings, angular axis misalignment can lead to several millimeters of deflection in both the radial
and axial dimensions as illustrated in Figure\ \ref{qkd_fig_mesh_ring_bearing_tolerance}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mesh_ring_bearing_tolerance.pdf}
\caption[Coaxial labyrinth mesh axis alignment tolerance illustration]{\draftgraphics Illustration of the effect of
angular misalignment of the axis of rotation caused by tolerances in motor bearings in a coaxial labyrinth mesh with
two tabs. The area swept by each tab, and its increase due to misalignment are highlighted. The left illustration
shows the ideal and misaligned meshes, and the right illustration superimposes the area increase from the left
illustration on the ideally aligned mesh.}
\label{qkd_fig_mesh_ring_bearing_tolerance}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Offset labyrinth meshes}

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main.bib
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@ -50,6 +50,13 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/2EYFTVCY/Amiri et al. - 2018 - Efficient Unconditionally Secure Signatures Using .pdf}
}
@online{AntimatterAlgorithmThat,
title = {Antimatter: An Algorithm That Prunes {{CRDT}}/{{OT}} History},
url = {https://braid.org/antimatter},
urldate = {2024-08-28},
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/QPW57DMP/antimatter.html}
}
@inproceedings{arakiHighThroughputSemiHonestSecure2016,
title = {High-{{Throughput Semi-Honest Secure Three-Party Computation}} with an {{Honest Majority}}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {{ACM SIGSAC Conference}} on {{Computer}} and {{Communications Security}}},
@ -504,6 +511,12 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/XWQXDJCM/Boyle et al. - 2021 - Sublinear GMW-Style Compiler for MPC with Preproce.pdf}
}
@online{BraidSynchronizationHTTP,
title = {Braid: {{Synchronization}} for {{HTTP}}},
url = {https://braid.org/},
urldate = {2024-08-28}
}
@book{brattonStackSoftwareSovereignty2016,
title = {The {{Stack}}: {{On Software}} and {{Sovereignty}}},
shorttitle = {The {{Stack}}},
@ -788,6 +801,40 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/Couteau et al_2021_Silver.pdf}
}
@article{cuellarStaticFatigueLifetime1987,
title = {Static Fatigue Lifetime of Optical Fibers in Bending},
author = {Cuellar, E. and Roberts, D. and Middleman, L.},
date = {1987-01-01},
journaltitle = {Fiber and Integrated Optics},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {203--213},
publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
issn = {0146-8030},
doi = {10.1080/01468038708223680},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01468038708223680},
urldate = {2024-08-28},
abstract = {An experimental program aimed at defining the effects of applied stress, temperature, humidity, and buffer coating on the static fatigue behavior of optical fibers in bending configurations is in progress. Data are presented below which demonstrate that the static fatigue behavior of fiber is strongly dependent on the polymeric buffer coating. Furthermore, the effect of humidity is readily evident by the comparison of times to failure at 30\% RH and in water immersion. The ultimate objective of this research is to determine an allowable bend radius for fiber optic cable which is based on measurements of both static fatigue and strength in bending and which will assure reliable performance of the fiber over the design lifetime.},
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/Cuellar et al_1987_Static fatigue lifetime of optical fibers in bending.pdf}
}
@article{cuellarStaticFatigueLifetime1987a,
title = {Static Fatigue Lifetime of Optical Fibers in Bending},
author = {Cuellar, E. and Roberts, D. and Middleman, L.},
date = {1987-01},
journaltitle = {Fiber and Integrated Optics},
shortjournal = {Fiber and Integrated Optics},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {203--213},
issn = {0146-8030, 1096-4681},
doi = {10.1080/01468038708223680},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01468038708223680},
urldate = {2024-08-28},
langid = {english},
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/QRE6ZGLT/Cuellar et al. - 1987 - Static fatigue lifetime of optical fibers in bendi.pdf}
}
@article{curranModelingCharacterizationPCB2015,
title = {Modeling and Characterization of {{PCB}} Coils for Inductive Wireless Charging},
author = {Curran, Brian and Maaß, Uwe and Fotheringham, Gerhard and Stevens, Nobby and Ndip, Ivan and Lang, Klaus-Dieter},
@ -1394,6 +1441,23 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/Heath et al_GRAM with O(log2 n) Overhead.pdf}
}
@article{helfinstineOpticalFibreStrength1982,
title = {Optical Fibre Strength/Fatigue Experiments},
author = {Helfinstine, J. D. and Quan, F.},
date = {1982-06-01},
journaltitle = {Optics \& Laser Technology},
shortjournal = {Optics \& Laser Technology},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {133--136},
issn = {0030-3992},
doi = {10.1016/0030-3992(82)90108-6},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0030399282901086},
urldate = {2024-08-28},
abstract = {New techniques for measuring and analysing the strength characteristics of optical waveguide fibres have evolved as the strength of the optical fibres improved. A recent life-fatigue experiment is described and the results analysed in terms of the most commonly used theoretical model which results in the power law V = AKn. Ten m long fibre samples were tensilely stressed in a high humidity environment by both fixed (static fatigue) and constant rate (dynamic fatigue) loads. The respective test values for the power law exponent, the fatigue constant ‘n’, were 38 and 17. The results of the tests indicate the more conservative value, 17, for practical engineering design, and the need for incorporating an ageing term in the model.},
keywords = {fatigue,optical fibres,tensile strength}
}
@article{henzingerOneServerPrice,
title = {One {{Server}} for the {{Price}} of {{Two}}: {{Simple}} and {{Fast Single-Server Private Information Retrieval}}},
author = {Henzinger, Alexandra and Hong, Matthew M and Corrigan-Gibbs, Henry and Meiklejohn, Sarah and Vaikuntanathan, Vinod},
@ -2933,6 +2997,24 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/Sasaki_2017_Quantum networks.pdf}
}
@article{schermerImprovedBendLoss2007,
title = {Improved {{Bend Loss Formula Verified}} for {{Optical Fiber}} by {{Simulation}} and {{Experiment}}},
author = {Schermer, Ross T. and Cole, James H.},
date = {2007-10},
journaltitle = {IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics},
volume = {43},
number = {10},
pages = {899--909},
issn = {1558-1713},
doi = {10.1109/JQE.2007.903364},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4300920/?arnumber=4300920},
urldate = {2024-08-30},
abstract = {This paper presents an improved curvature loss formula for optical waveguides, which is shown to accurately predict the bend loss of both single-mode and multimode fibers. The formula expands upon a previous formula derived by Marcuse, greatly improving its accuracy for the case of multimode fiber. Also presented are the results of bent fiber simulations using the beam propagation method (BPM), and experimental measurements of bend loss. Agreement among simulation, formula and measurement support the validity of both theoretical methods. BPM simulations showed that the lowest order modes of the bent fiber were reduced to their linearly polarized constituents prior to the onset of significant bend loss. This implies that certain LP mode orientations should propagate with much lower loss than previously expected, and should impact the mode stripping ability of bent large mode area fibers, as employed in fiber lasers and amplifiers.},
eventtitle = {{{IEEE Journal}} of {{Quantum Electronics}}},
keywords = {Dielectric waveguides,Fiber lasers,laser amplifiers,Laser modes,Loss measurement,optical fiber amplifiers,Optical fiber amplifiers,optical fiber lasers,Optical fiber losses,Optical fiber polarization,Optical fibers,Optical propagation,optical waveguide theory,Optical waveguides,Propagation losses,waveguide bends},
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/2007_Schermer_Cole_Improved Bend Loss Formula Verified for Optical Fiber by Simulation and.pdf;/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/2L6674ME/4300920.html}
}
@online{schmiegGoogleThreatModel2024,
type = {Blog Article},
title = {Google's {{Threat}} Model for {{Post-Quantum Cryptography}}},