Add multichannel LED driver post
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jaseg
parent
24ad9ee7a0
commit
7bc656ca2a
109 changed files with 11608 additions and 12101 deletions
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@ -103,14 +103,13 @@ over the problem, there are several sources for imperfections:
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<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="images/driver_ringing_strong.jpg" alt="Strong ringing on the LED voltage waveform edge at about
|
||||
100% overshoot during about 70% of the cycle time.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The shift register logic output of the multichannel LED driver directly driving a small mosfet's
|
||||
gate through an inch or so of PCB trace caused extremely bad ringing at high driving
|
||||
frequencies.</figcaption>
|
||||
<figcaption>The LED strip being at the end of a couple meters of wire caused extremely bad ringing at high
|
||||
driving frequencies.</figcaption>
|
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</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
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<img src="images/driver_ringing_weak.jpg" alt="Weak ringing on the LED voltage waveform edge at about 30%
|
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overshoot during about 20% of the cycle time.">
|
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<figcaption>Adding a resistor dampened the ringing somewhat, but ultimately it cannot be eliminated
|
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entirely.</figcaption>
|
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<figcaption>Adding a resistor in front of the MOSFET gate to slow the transition dampened the ringing
|
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somewhat, but ultimately it cannot be eliminated entirely.</figcaption>
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</figure>
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</figure>
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@ -371,6 +370,17 @@ The photodiode's response is strongly wavelength-dependent. In particular in the
|
|||
gets very poor down to about 20% at the edge to ultraviolet. This effect is strong enough to move the apparent location
|
||||
of the blue peak towards red.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/photodiode_sensitivity.svg" alt="A plot of photodiode sensitivity against wavelength relative
|
||||
to peak sensitivity at 820nm. The sensitivity rises from 20% at 380nm approximately linearly to 80% at 620nm,
|
||||
then the rise rolls off.">
|
||||
<figcaption>A plot of the photodiode's relative sensitivity in the visible spectrum. The sensitivity is
|
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normalized against its peak at 820nm.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
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The problem is that in order to remove this non-linearity, we would already have to know the wavelength of the measured
|
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light. Since I don't, I settled for a two-step process. First, a coarse wavelength calibration is done relative to the
|
||||
red peak and the short-wavelength edge of the blue peak. The photodiode measurements are then sensitivity-corrected
|
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|
|
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|
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. FIXME re-do these measurements, avoiding clipping
|
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.. FIXME re-do calibration using CCFL
|
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.. FIXME calibration for brightness imbalance due to wedge-shaped projection of spectrum
|
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|
|
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2222
content/posts/multichannel-led-driver/images/asymmetric_iled.svg
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||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 20 KiB |
|
|
@ -1,5 +1,457 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Multichannel Led Driver"
|
||||
title: "32-Channel LED tape driver"
|
||||
date: 2018-05-02T11:31:14+02:00
|
||||
draft: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Theoretical basics
|
||||
==================
|
||||
|
||||
Together, a friend and I outfitted the small staircase at Berlin's Chaos Computer Club with nice, shiny RGB-WW LED tape
|
||||
for ambient lighting. This tape is like regular RGB tape but with an additional warm white channel, which makes for much
|
||||
more natural pastels and whites. There are several variants of RGBW tape. Cheap ones have separate RGB and white LEDs,
|
||||
which is fine for indirect lighting but does not work for direct lighting. Since we wanted to mount our tape in channels
|
||||
at the front of the steps, we had to use the slightly more expensive variant with integrated RGBW LEDs. These are LEDs
|
||||
in the 5050 (5.0mm by 5.0mm) form factor common with RGB LEDs that have a small section divided off for the white
|
||||
channel. The red, green and blue LED chips sit together in the larger section covered with clear epoxy and the white
|
||||
channel is made up from the usual blue LED inside a yellow phosphor in the smaller section.
|
||||
|
||||
Since we wanted to light up all of 15 steps, and for greatest visual effect we would have liked to be able to control
|
||||
each step individually we had to find a way to control 60 channels of LED tape with a reasonable amount of hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
LED tape has integrated series resistors and runs off a fixed 12V or 24V constant-voltage supply. This means you don't
|
||||
need a complex constant-current driver as you'd need with high-power LEDs. You can just hook up a section of LED tape
|
||||
to a beefy MOSFET to control it. Traditionally, you would do *Pulse Width Modulation* (PWM) on the MOSFET's input to
|
||||
control the LED tape's brightness.
|
||||
|
||||
Pulse Width Modulation
|
||||
----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
`Pulse Width Modulation`_ is a technique of controlling the brightness of a load such as an LED with a digital signal.
|
||||
The basic idea is that if you turn the LED on and off much too fast for anyone to notice, you can control its power by
|
||||
changing how long you turn it on versus how long you leave it off.
|
||||
|
||||
PWM divides each second into a large number of periods. At the beginning of each period, you turn the LED on. After
|
||||
that, you wait a certain time until you turn it off. Then, you wait for the next period to begin. The periods are always
|
||||
the same length but you can set when you turn off the LED. If you turn it off right away, it's off almost all the time
|
||||
and it looks like it's off to your eye. If you turn it off right at the end, it's on almost all the time and it looks
|
||||
super bright to your eye. Now, if you turn it off halfway into the cycle, it's on half the time and it will look to your
|
||||
eye as half as bright as before. This means that you can control the LED's brightness with only a digital signal and
|
||||
good timing.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/pwm_schema.jpg" alt="A visualization of PWM at different duty cycles.">
|
||||
<figcaption>Waveforms of two PWM cycles at different duty cycles.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
PWM works great if you have a dedicated PWM output on your microcontroller. It's extremely simple in both hardware and
|
||||
software. Unfortunately for us, controlling 32 channels with PWM is not that easy. Cheap microcontrollers only have `a
|
||||
handful of hardware PWM outputs`_, so we'd either have to do everything in software, bit-banging our LED modulation, or
|
||||
we'd have to use a dedicated chip.
|
||||
|
||||
Doing PWM in software is both error-prone and slow. Since the maximum dynamic range of a PWM signal is limited by the
|
||||
shortest duty cycle it can do, software PWM being slow means it has poor PWM resolution at maybe 8 bits at most. Poor
|
||||
color resolution is not a problem if all you're doing is to fade around the `HSV rainbow`_, but for ambient lighting
|
||||
where you *really* want to control the brightness down to a faint shimmer you need all the color resolution you can get.
|
||||
|
||||
If you rule out software PWM, what remains are dedicated `hardware PWM controllers`_. Most of these have either of three
|
||||
issues:
|
||||
|
||||
* They're expensive
|
||||
* They don't have generous PWM resolution either (12 bits if you're lucky)
|
||||
* They're meant to drive small LEDs such as a 7-segment display directly and you can't just hook up a MOSFET to their
|
||||
output
|
||||
|
||||
This means we're stuck in a dilemma between two poor solutions if we'd want to do PWM. Luckily for us, PWM is not the
|
||||
only modulation in town.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _`Pulse Width Modulation`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation
|
||||
.. _`a handful of hardware PWM outputs`: https://www.nxp.com/parametricSearch#/&c=c731_c380_c173_c161_c163&page=1
|
||||
.. _`HSV rainbow`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV
|
||||
.. _`hardware PWM controllers`: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc5940.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Binary Code Modulation
|
||||
----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
PWM is the bread-and-butter of the maker crowd. Everyone and their cat is doing it and it works really well most of the
|
||||
time. Unbeknownst to most of the maker crowd, there is however another popular modulation method that's mostly used in
|
||||
professional LED systems: Enter `*Binary Code Modulation* (BCM) <http://www.batsocks.co.uk/readme/art_bcm_1.htm>`_.
|
||||
|
||||
BCM is to PWM sort of what barcodes are to handwriting. While PWM is easy to understand and simple to implement if all
|
||||
you have is a counter and an IO pin, BCM is more complicated. On the other hand, computers can do complicated and BCM
|
||||
really shines in multi-channel applications.
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to PWM, BCM works by turning on and off the LED in short periods fast enough to make your eye perceive it as
|
||||
partially on all the time. In PWM the channel's brightness is linearly dependent on its duty cycle, i.e. the percentage
|
||||
it is turned on. In PWM the duty cycle D is the total period T divided by the on period T_on. The issue with doing PWM
|
||||
on many channels at once is that you have to turn off each channel at the exact time to match its duty cycle.
|
||||
Controlling many IO pins at once with precise timing is really hard to do in software.
|
||||
|
||||
BCM avoids this by further dividing each period into smaller periods which we'll call *bit periods* and splitting each
|
||||
channel's duty cycle into chunks the size of these bit periods. The amazingly elegant thing in BCM now is that as you
|
||||
can guess from the name these bit periods are weighted in powers of two. Say the shortest bit period lasts 1
|
||||
microsecond. Then the second-shortest bit period is 2 microseconds and the third is 4, the fifth 8, the sixth 16 and so
|
||||
on.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/bcm_schema.jpg" alt="A visualization of BCM at different duty cycles.">
|
||||
<figcaption>Waveforms of a single 4-bit BCM cycle at different duty cycles. This BCM can produce 16 different
|
||||
levels.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Staggered like this, you turn on the LED for integer value of microseconds by turning it on in the bit periods
|
||||
corresponding to the binary bits of that value. If I want my LED to light for 19 microseconds every period, I turn it on
|
||||
in the 16 microsecond bit period, the 2 microsecond bit period and the 1 microsecond bit period and leave it off for the
|
||||
4 and 8 mircosecond bit periods.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, how this is better instead of just more complicated than plain old PWM might not be clear yet. But consider this:
|
||||
Turning on and off a large number of channels, each at its own arbitrary time is hard because doing the timing in
|
||||
software is hard. We can't use hardware timers since we only have two or three of those, and we have 32 channels.
|
||||
However, we can use one hardware timer to trigger a really cheap external latch to turn on or off the 32 channels all at
|
||||
once. With this setup, we can only controll all channels at once, but we can do so with very precise timing.
|
||||
|
||||
All we need to do is to set our timer to the durations of the BCM bit periods, and we can get the same result as we'd
|
||||
get with PWM with only one hardware timer and a bit of code that is not timing-critical anymore.
|
||||
|
||||
Applications of Binary Code Modulation
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
BCM is a truly wondrous technique, and outside of hobbyist circles it is in fact very widely known. Though we're using
|
||||
it to control just 32 channels here, you can do much more channels without any problems. The most common application
|
||||
where BCM is invariably used is *any* kind of LED screen. Controlling the thousands and thousands of LEDs in an LED
|
||||
screen with PWM with a dedicated timer for each LED would not be feasible. With BCM, all you need to dedicate to a
|
||||
single LED is a flipflop (or part of one if you're multiplexing). In fact, there is a whole range of `ICs with no other
|
||||
purpose than to enable BCM on large LED matrices <http://www.vabolis.lt/stuff/MBI5026.pdf>`_. Basically, these are a
|
||||
high-speed shift register with latched outputs much like the venerable 74HC595_, only their outputs are constant-current
|
||||
sinks made so that you can directly connect an LED to them.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _74HC595: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74hc595.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Running BCM on LED tape
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
In our case, we don't need any special driver chips to control our LED tape. We just connect the outputs of a 74HC595_
|
||||
shift register to one MOSFET_ each, and then we directly connect the LED tape to these MOSFETs. The MOSFETs allow us to
|
||||
drive a couple of amps into the LED tape from the weak outputs of the shift register.
|
||||
|
||||
The BCM timing is done by hooking up two timer channels of our microcontroller to the shift registers *strobe* and
|
||||
*reset* inputs. We set the timer to PWM mode so we can generate pulses with precise timing. At the beginning of each
|
||||
bit period, a pulse will strobe the data for this bit period that we shifted in previously. At the end of the bit
|
||||
period, one pulse will reset the shift register and one will strobe the freshly-reset zeros into the outputs.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/olsndot_output_schematic.jpg" alt="From left to right, we see the STM32, one of the shift
|
||||
registers, and the LEDs and MOSFETs. The LED tape is driven to ground by the MOSFETs, which are in turn directly
|
||||
driven from the shift register outputs. The shift register is wired up to the STM32 with its clock and data
|
||||
inputs on SCK and MOSI and its RESET and STROBE inputs on channel 2 and 3 of timer 1.">
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
The schematic of a single output of this LED driver. Multiple shift register stages can be cascaded.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Our implementation of this system runs on an STM32F030F4P6_, the smallest, cheapest ARM microcontroller you can get from
|
||||
ST. This microcontroller has only 16kB of flash and 1kB of RAM, but that's plenty for our use. We use its SPI controller
|
||||
to feed the modulation data to the shift registers really fast, and we use two timer channels to control the shift
|
||||
registers' reset and strobe.
|
||||
|
||||
We can easily cascade shift registers without any ill side-effects, and even hundreds of channels should be no problem
|
||||
for this setup. The only reason we chose to stick to a 32-channel board is the mechanics of it. We thought it would be
|
||||
easier to have several small boards instead of having one huge board with loads of connectors and cables coming off it.
|
||||
|
||||
The BOM cost per channel for our system is 3ct for a reasonable MOSFET, about 1ct for one eighth of a shift register
|
||||
plus less than a cent for one resistor between shift register and MOSFET. In the end, the connectors are more expensive
|
||||
than the driving circuitry.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _MOSFET: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET
|
||||
.. _STM32F030F4P6: http://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/stm32f030f4.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Hardware design
|
||||
===============
|
||||
|
||||
From this starting point, we made a very prototype-y hardware design for a 32-channel 12V LED tape driver. The design is
|
||||
based on the STM32F030F4P6_ driving the shift registers as explained above. The system is controlled through an RS485_
|
||||
bus that is connected up to the microcontroller's UART using an MAX485_-compatible RS485 transceiver. The LED tape is
|
||||
connected using 9-pin SUB-D_ connectors since they are cheap and good enough for the small current of our short segments
|
||||
of LED tape. The MOSFETs we use are small SOT-23_ logic-level MOSFETs. In various prototypes we used both International
|
||||
Rectifier's IRLML6244_ as well as Alpha & Omega Semiconductor's AO3400_. Both are good up to about 30V/5A. Since we're
|
||||
only driving about 2m of LED tape per channel we're not going above about 0.5A and the MOSFETs don't even get warm.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _RS485: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485
|
||||
.. _MAX485: https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX1487-MAX491.pdf
|
||||
.. _IRLML6244: https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/?fileId=5546d462533600a4015356686fed261f
|
||||
.. _AO3400: http://aosmd.com/pdfs/datasheet/AO3400.pdf
|
||||
.. _SUB-D: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature
|
||||
.. _SOT-23: http://www.nxp.com/documents/outline_drawing/SOT23.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Switching nonlinearities
|
||||
------------------------
|
||||
During testing of our initial prototype, we noticed that the brightness seemed to jump around when fading to very low
|
||||
values. It turned out that our extremely simple LED driving circuit consisting of only the shift register directly
|
||||
driving a MOSFET, which in turn directly drives the LED tape was maybe a little bit too simple. After some measurements
|
||||
it turned out that we were looking at about 6Vpp of ringing on the driver's output voltage. The picture below is the
|
||||
voltrage we saw on our oscilloscope on the LED tape.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/driver_ringing_strong.jpg" alt="Strong ringing on the LED voltage waveform edge at about
|
||||
100% overshoot during about 70% of the cycle time.">
|
||||
<figcaption>Bad ringing on the LED output voltage caused by wiring inductance. Note that the effect on the
|
||||
actual LED current is less bad than this looks since the LED's V/I curve is nonlinear.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dynamic switching behavior: Cause and Effect
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
A bit of LTSpice_ action later we found that the inductance of the few metres of cable leading to the LED tape is the
|
||||
likely culprit. The figure below is the schematic used for the simulations.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/driver_output_ltspice_schematic.jpg" alt="The LTSpice schematic of one output of the driver,
|
||||
taking into account the shift register's output ESR and the wiring ESL.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The schematic of the simulation in LTSpice</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
As tested, the driver does not include any per-output smoothing so the ~.5A transient on each BCM cycle hits the cable
|
||||
in full. Combined with the cable inductance, this works out to a considerable lag of the rising edge of the LED
|
||||
current, and bad ringing on its falling edge. Below is the voltage on the LED output from an LTSpice simulation of our
|
||||
driver.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/overshoot_sim_r0.svg" alt="The result of the LTSpice simulation of our driver output. The LED
|
||||
current shows similar ringing to what we measured using the oscilloscope. Interestingly, the gate voltage shows
|
||||
strong ringing, too.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The result of our LTSpice simulation. This simulation assumes 1µH of wiring inductance and 50Ω of
|
||||
output impedance on the part of the shift register. The ringing at the gate visible in the gate voltage graph is
|
||||
due to feed-through of the ringing at the output through the MOSFET's parasitic Cgd.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
We were able to reduce the rining and limit the effect somewhat by
|
||||
putting a 220Ω series resistor in between the shift register output and the MOSFET gate. This resistor forms an RC
|
||||
circuit with the MOSFET's nanofarad or two of gate capacitance. The result of this is that the LED current passing the
|
||||
wire's ESL rises slightly more slowly and thus the series inductance gets excited slightly less, and the overshoot
|
||||
decreases. Below is a picture of the waveform with the dampening resistor in place and a picture of our measurement for
|
||||
comparison. The resistor values don't agree perfectly since the estimated ESL and stray capacitance of the wiring is
|
||||
probably way off.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/driver_ringing_weak.jpg" alt="Weak ringing on the LED voltage waveform edge at about 30%
|
||||
overshoot during about 20% of the cycle time.">
|
||||
<figcaption>Adding a resistor in front of the MOSFET gate to slow the transition dampened the ringing somewhat,
|
||||
but ultimately it cannot be eliminated entirely. Note how you can actually see the miller plateau on the
|
||||
trailing edge of this signal.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/overshoot_sim_r100.svg" alt="The result of the LTSpice simulation of our driver output with an
|
||||
extra 100 Ohms between shift register output and MOSFET gate. Similar to the oscilloscope measurement the
|
||||
ringing is much reduced in its amplitude.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The LTSpice simulation result with the same parameters as above but with an extra 100Ω between the
|
||||
shfit register's output and the MOSFET's gate.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
A side effect of this fix is that now the effective on-time of the LED tape is much longer than the duty cycle at the
|
||||
shift register's output at very small duty cycles (1µs or less). This is caused by the MOSFET's `miller
|
||||
plateau`_. For illustration, below is a graph of both the excitation waveform (the boxy line) and the resulting LED
|
||||
current (the other ones) both without dampening (top) and with 220Ω dampening (bottom). As you can see the effective
|
||||
duty cycle of the LED current is not at all equal to the 50% duty cycle of the excitation square wave.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/asymmetric_iled.svg" alt="The result of an LTSpice simulation of the LED duty cycle without and
|
||||
with dampening. Dampening widens the LED current waveform from 50% duty cycle with sharp edges to about 80% duty
|
||||
cycle with soft edges.">
|
||||
<figcaption>Simulated LED duty cycle with and without dampening. The dampening resistance used in this
|
||||
simulation was 220Ω.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/asymmetric_vgate.svg" alt="The gate voltages in the spice simulation above. The undampened
|
||||
response shows sharp edges with the miller plateau being a barely noticeable step, but with strong ringing on
|
||||
the trailing edge. The dampened response shows RC-like slow-edges, but has wide miller plateaus on both edges
|
||||
adding up to about 50% of the pulse width.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The MOSFET gate voltage from the simulation in the figure above. You can clearly see how the miller
|
||||
plateau (the horizontal part of the trace at about 1V) is getting much wider with added dampening, and how the
|
||||
resulting gate charge/discharge curve is not at all that of a capacitor anymore.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, we have three major causes for our calculated LED brightness not matching reality:
|
||||
|
||||
* Ringing of the equivalent series inductance of the wiring leading up to the LED tape
|
||||
* Miller plateau lag
|
||||
* The dampening resistor and the MOSFET gate forming an RC filter that helps with wire ESL ringing but worsens the
|
||||
miller plateau issue and deforms the LED current edges.
|
||||
|
||||
Added up, these three effects yield a picture that agrees well with our simulations and measurements. The overall effect
|
||||
is neglegible at long period durations (>10µs), but gets really bad at short period durations (<1µs). The effect is
|
||||
non-linear, so correcting for it is not as simple as adding an offset.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _LTSpice: http://www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-calculators/ltspice-simulator.html
|
||||
.. _`miller plateau`: https://www.vishay.com/docs/68214/turnonprocess.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Measuring LED tape brightness
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
In order to correct for the nonlinearities mentioned above, we decided to implement a lookup table mapping BCM period to
|
||||
actual timer setting. That is, each row of the table contains the actual period length we need to set the
|
||||
microcontroller's timer to in order to get our intended brightness steps.
|
||||
|
||||
To calibrate our driver, we needed a setup for reproducible measurement of the relative brightness of our LED tape at
|
||||
different settings. Absolute brightness is not of interest to us as the eye can't perceive it. To perform the
|
||||
calibration, the LED driver is set to enable each single BCM period in turn, i.e. brightness values 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 etc.
|
||||
|
||||
The setup we used to measure the LED tape's brightness consists of a bunch of LED tape stuck into a tin can for
|
||||
shielding against both stray light and electromagnetic interference and a photodiode looking at the LED tape. We used
|
||||
the venerable BPW34_ photodiode in our setup as I had a bunch leftover from another project and because they are quite
|
||||
sensitive owing to their physically large die area.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/linearization_setup.jpg" alt="The led measurement setup consists of several PCBs and a
|
||||
breadboard linked with a bunch of wires and a big tin can to shield the LEDs and the photodiode. A large sub-D
|
||||
connector is put into the top of the tin can as a feed-through for the LED tape's control signals and the
|
||||
photodiode signal. In the background the control laptop is visible.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The LED brighness measurement setup. The big tin can contains a bunch of LED tape and the
|
||||
photodiode. The breadboard on the right is used for the photodiode preamplifier and for jumpering around the LED
|
||||
tape's channels. The red board next to it is the buspirate used as ADC. The board on the bottom left is a
|
||||
TTL-to-RS485 converter and the board in the middle is the unit under test.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The photodiode's photocurrent is converted into a voltage using a very simple transimpedance amplifier based around a
|
||||
MCP6002_ opamp that was dampened into oblivion with a couple nanofarads of capacitance in its feedback loop. The
|
||||
MCP6002_ is a fine choice here since I had a bunch and because it is a CMOS opamp, meaning it has low bias current that
|
||||
would mess up our measurements. For many applications, opamp bias current is not a big issue but when using the opamp to
|
||||
directly measure very small currents at its input it quickly swamps out the signal for most BJT-input types.
|
||||
|
||||
The transimpedance amplifier's output is read from the computer using the ADC input of a buspirate USB thinggamajob. In
|
||||
general I would not recommend the buspirate as a tool for this job since it's ADC is not particularly good and it's
|
||||
programming interface is positively atrocious, but it was what I had and it beat first wiring up one of the dedicated
|
||||
ADC chips I had in my parts bin.
|
||||
|
||||
The computer runs a small python script cycling the LED tape through all its BCM period settings and taking a brightness
|
||||
measurement at each step. Later on, these measurements can be plotted to visualize the resulting slope's linearity, and
|
||||
we can even do a simulation of the resulting brightness for all possible control values by just adding the measured
|
||||
photocurrents for a certain BCM setpoint just as our retinas would do.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="images/driver_linearity_raw.svg" alt="">
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A plot of the measured brightness of our LED tape for each BCM period. The brightness values are normalized
|
||||
to the value measured at the LSB setpoint (brightness=1/65535). Ideally, this plot would show a straight
|
||||
line with slope 1. Obviously, it doesn't. The bend in the curve is caused by the above-mentioned duty cycle
|
||||
offset adding an offset to all brightness values. Shown is both the raw data (light), which has essentially zero
|
||||
measurement error and a linear fit (dark).
|
||||
|
||||
The plot is in log-log to approximate how the human eye would perceive brightness, i.e. highly sensitive at
|
||||
low values but not very sensitive at all at large values.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
While it would be possible to fully automate the optimization of BCM driver lookup tables, we needed only one and in the
|
||||
end I just sat down and manually tweaked the ideal values we initially calculated until I liked the result. You can see
|
||||
the resulting brightness curve below.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="images/uncorrected_brightness_sim.svg" alt="">
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
Calculated brightness curve for the uncorrected BCM setup. As you can see, at low setpoints the result
|
||||
is about as smooth as sandpaper, which is well in line with our observations. At high setpoints the
|
||||
offset gets swamped out and the nonlinearity in the low bits is not visible anymore.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="images/corrected_brightness_sim.svg" alt="">
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
Brightness curve for the corrected BCM setup extrapolated using actual measurements. Looks as buttery
|
||||
smooth in real life as it does in this plot.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
.. _BPW34: http://www.vishay.com/docs/81521/bpw34.pdf
|
||||
.. _MCP6002: http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/21733j.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Controlling the driver
|
||||
----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Now that our driver was behaving linear enough that you couldn't see it actually wasn't we needed a nice way to control
|
||||
it from a computer of our choice. In the ultimate application (our staircase) we'll use a raspberry pi for this. Since
|
||||
we already settled on an RS485_ bus for its robustness and simplicity, we had to device a protocol to control the driver
|
||||
over this bus. Here, we settled on a simple, COBS_-based protocol for the reasons I wrote about in `How to talk to your
|
||||
microcontroller over serial <serial-protocols>`_.
|
||||
|
||||
To address our driver nodes, we modified the Makefile to build a random 32-bit MAC into each firmware image. The
|
||||
protocol has only five message types:
|
||||
|
||||
1. A 0-byte *ping* packet, to which each node would reply with its own address in the
|
||||
first 100ms after boot. This can be used to initially discover the addresses of all nodes connected to the bus. You'd
|
||||
spam the bus with *ping* packets, and then hit reset on each node in turn. The control computer would then receive
|
||||
each device's MAC address as you hit reset.
|
||||
2. A 4-byte *address* packet that says which device that the following packet is for. This way of us using the packet
|
||||
length instead of a packet type field is not particularly elegant, but our system is simple enough and it was easy to
|
||||
implement.
|
||||
3. A 64-byte *frame buffer* packet that contains 16 bits of left-aligned brightness data for every channel
|
||||
4. A one-byte *get status* packet that tells the device to respond with...
|
||||
5. ...a 27-byte status packet containing a brief description of the firmware (version number, channel count, bit depth
|
||||
etc.) as well as the device's current life stats (VCC, temperature, uptime, UART frame errors etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
Wrapped up in a nice python interface we can now easily enumerate any drivers we connect to a bus, query their status
|
||||
and control their outputs.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _COBS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_Overhead_Byte_Stuffing
|
||||
|
||||
Conclusion
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<a href="images/olsndot_schematic.png">
|
||||
<img src="images/olsndot_schematic.png" alt="A picture of the LED driver schematic">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<figcaption>The LED driver <a href="images/olsndot_schematic.png">schematic</a></figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<a href="images/olsndot_pcb.png">
|
||||
<img src="images/olsndot_pcb.png" alt="A picture of the LED driver PCB layout">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<figcaption>The LED driver <a href="images/olsndot_pcb.png">PCB layout</a></figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Putting some thought into the control circuitry and software, you can easily control large numbers of channels of LEDs
|
||||
using extremely inexpensive driving hardware without any compromises on dynamic range. The design we settled on can
|
||||
drive 32 channels of LED tape with a dynamic range of 14bit at a BOM cost of below 10€. All it really takes is a couple
|
||||
of shift registers and a mildly bored STM32 microcontroller.
|
||||
|
||||
Get a PDF file of the schematic and PCB layout `here <olsndot_v02_schematics_and_pcb.pdf>`_ or download the CAD files
|
||||
and the firmware sources `from github <https://github.com/jaseg/led_drv>`_.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
8
content/posts/serial-protocols/index.rst
Normal file
8
content/posts/serial-protocols/index.rst
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "How to talk to your microcontroller over serial"
|
||||
date: 2018-05-19T08:09:46+02:00
|
||||
draft: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
|
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<!DOCTYPE html>
|
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|
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}
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})();
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</script>
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|
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<div id="license-info">
|
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©2018 by Sebastian Götte. This work is licensed under
|
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC-BY-SA 4.0</a>.
|
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</div>
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<h1>Categories</h1>
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parent = parent.parentElement;
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if (parent.childNodes.length != 1) continue;
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}
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if (parent.nodeName === 'P') parent.style.textAlign = 'center';
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var tagNames = ['img', 'embed', 'object'];
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for (var i = 0; i < tagNames.length; i++) {
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<div id="license-info">
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©2018 by Sebastian Götte. This work is licensed under
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC-BY-SA 4.0</a>.
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</footer>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes" ?>
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<title>Categories on jaseg.net</title>
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<link>https://jaseg.net/categories/</link>
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<language>en-us</language>
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<atom:link href="https://jaseg.net/categories/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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@ -1,211 +0,0 @@
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/* @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:400,700|Source+Serif+Pro'); */
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/* Table of Contents, if wanted
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Add to yaml:
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|
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output:
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blogdown::html_page:
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toc: true
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*/
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<a href="/posts/zeus-hammer/">Zeus Hammer</a>
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<span class="date">2018/05/02</span>
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|
||||
<link>https://jaseg.net/posts/zeus-hammer/</link>
|
||||
<pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2018 11:59:37 +0200</pubDate>
|
||||
|
||||
<guid>https://jaseg.net/posts/zeus-hammer/</guid>
|
||||
<description>In case you were having an inferiority complex because your friends' IBM Model M keyboards are so much louder than the shitty rubber dome freebie you got with your pc... Here's the solution: Zeus Hammer, a simple typing cadence enhancer for PS/2 keyboards.
|
||||
The connects to the keyboard's PS/2 clock line and briefly actuates a large solenoid on each key press. An interesting fact about PS/2 is that the clock line is only active as long as either the host computer or the input device actually want to send data.</description>
|
||||
</item>
|
||||
|
||||
<item>
|
||||
<title>Multichannel Led Driver</title>
|
||||
<link>https://jaseg.net/posts/multichannel-led-driver/</link>
|
||||
<pubDate>Wed, 02 May 2018 11:31:14 +0200</pubDate>
|
||||
|
||||
<guid>https://jaseg.net/posts/multichannel-led-driver/</guid>
|
||||
<description></description>
|
||||
</item>
|
||||
|
||||
<item>
|
||||
<title>Wifi Led Driver</title>
|
||||
<link>https://jaseg.net/posts/wifi-led-driver/</link>
|
||||
<pubDate>Wed, 02 May 2018 11:31:03 +0200</pubDate>
|
||||
|
||||
<guid>https://jaseg.net/posts/wifi-led-driver/</guid>
|
||||
<description></description>
|
||||
</item>
|
||||
|
||||
<item>
|
||||
<title>Led Characterization</title>
|
||||
<link>https://jaseg.net/posts/led-characterization/</link>
|
||||
<pubDate>Wed, 02 May 2018 11:18:38 +0200</pubDate>
|
||||
|
||||
<guid>https://jaseg.net/posts/led-characterization/</guid>
|
||||
<description>Preface Recently, I have been working on a small driver for ambient lighting using 12V LED strips like you can get inexpensively from China. I wanted to be able to just throw one of these somewhere, stick down some LED tape, hook it up to a small transformer and be able to control it through Wifi. When I was writing the firmware, I noticed that when fading between different colors, the colors look all wrong!</description>
|
||||
</item>
|
||||
|
||||
</channel>
|
||||
</rss>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,459 +0,0 @@
|
|||
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<title>Led Characterization | jaseg.net</title>
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<div class="article-meta">
|
||||
<h1><span class="title">Led Characterization</span></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="date">2018/05/02</h2>
|
||||
<p class="terms">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</p>
|
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</div>
|
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<div class="document">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="section" id="preface">
|
||||
<h2>Preface</h2>
|
||||
<p>Recently, I have been working on a <a class="reference external" href="https://jaseg.net/posts/wifi-led-driver/">small driver</a> for ambient lighting using 12V LED strips like you can get
|
||||
inexpensively from China. I wanted to be able to just throw one of these somewhere, stick down some LED tape, hook it up
|
||||
to a small transformer and be able to control it through Wifi. When I was writing the firmware, I noticed that when
|
||||
fading between different colors, the colors look <em>all wrong</em>! This observation led me down a rabbit hole of color
|
||||
perception and LED peculiarities.</p>
|
||||
<p>The idea of the LED driver was that it can be used either with up to eight single-color LED tapes or, much more
|
||||
interesting, with up to two RGB or RGBW (red-green-blue-white) LED tapes. For ambient lighting high color resolution was
|
||||
really important so you could dim it down a lot without flickering. I ended up using the same driver stage I used in the
|
||||
<a class="reference external" href="https://jaseg.net/posts/multichannel-led-driver/">multichannel LED driver</a> project for its great color resolution and low hardware requirements.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/rgb_cube.svg" alt="An illustration of the RGB color cube.">
|
||||
<figcaption>An illustration of the RGB color cube.
|
||||
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_color_cube.svg">Picture</a> by
|
||||
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Maklaan">Maklaan from Wikimedia Commons</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC-BY-SA 3.0</a>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><p>To make setting colors over Wifi more intuitive I implemented support for HSV colors. RGB is fine for communication
|
||||
between computers, but I think HSV is easier to work with when manually inputting colors from the command line. RGB is
|
||||
close to how most monitors, cameras and the human visual apparatus work on a very low level but doesn't match
|
||||
higher-level human color perception very well. When we describe a color we tend to think in terms of "hue" or
|
||||
"brightness", and computing a measure of those from RGB values is not easy.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="colors-and-color-spaces">
|
||||
<h2>Colors and Color Spaces</h2>
|
||||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space">Color spaces</a> are a mathematical abstraction of the concept of color. When we say "RGB", most of the time we actually
|
||||
mean <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB">sRGB</a>, a standardized notion of how to map three numbers labelled "red", "green" and "blue" onto a perceived
|
||||
color. <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV">HSV</a> is an early attempt to more closely align these numbers with our perception. After HSV, a number of other
|
||||
<em>perceptual</em> color spaces such as <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space">XYZ (CIE 1931)</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_space">CIE Lab/LCh</a> were born, further improving this alignment. In
|
||||
this mathematical model, mapping a color from one color space into another color space is just a coordinate
|
||||
transformation.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/hsv_cylinder.png" alt="An illustration of the HSV color space as a cylinder.">
|
||||
<figcaption>An illustration of the HSV color space as a cylinder.
|
||||
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HSV_color_solid_cylinder.png">Picture</a> by
|
||||
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:SharkD">SharkD from Wikimedia Commons</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC-BY-SA 3.0</a>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><p>CIE 1931 XYZ is much larger than any other color space, which is why it is a good basis to express other color spaces
|
||||
in. In XYZ there are many coordinates that are outside of what the human eye can perceive. Below is an illustration of
|
||||
the sRGB space within XYZ. The wireframe cube is (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) in XYZ. The colorful object in the middle is what
|
||||
of sRGB fits inside XYZ, and the lines extending out from it indicate the space that can be expressed in sRGB but not in
|
||||
XYZ. The fat white curve is a projection of the <em>monochromatic spectral locus</em>, that is the curve of points you get in
|
||||
XYZ for pure visible wavelengths.</p>
|
||||
<p>As you can see, sRGB is <em>much</em> smaller than XYZ or even the part within the monochromatic locus that we can perceive. In
|
||||
particular in the blues and greens we loose <em>a lot</em> of colors to sRGB.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<video controls loop>
|
||||
<source src="/video/sRGB.mkv" type="video/h264">
|
||||
<source src="/video/sRGB.webm" type="video/webm">
|
||||
Your browser does not support the HTML5 video tag.
|
||||
</video>
|
||||
<figcaption>Illustration of the measured sRGB color space within XYZ. The thick, white line is the spectral
|
||||
locus.
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="/video/sRGB.mkv">mkv/h264 download</a> /
|
||||
<a href="/video/sRGB.webm">webm download</a>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><p>The wrong colors I got when fading between colors were caused by this coordinate transformation being askew. Thinking
|
||||
over the problem, there are several sources for imperfections:</p>
|
||||
<ul class="simple">
|
||||
<li>The LED driver may not be entirely linear. For most modulations such as PWM the brightness will be linear starting
|
||||
from a certain value, but there is probably an offset caused by imperfect edges of the LED current. This offset can be
|
||||
compensated with software calibration. I built a calibration setup for driver linearity in the <a class="reference external" href="https://jaseg.net/posts/multichannel-led-driver/">multichannel LED
|
||||
driver</a> project. Below are pictures of ringing on the edges of an LED driver's waveform.</li>
|
||||
<li>The red, green and blue channels of the LEDs used on the LED tape are not matched. This skews the RGB color space.
|
||||
In practice, the blue channel of my RGB tape to me <em>looks</em> much brighter than the red channel.</li>
|
||||
<li>The precise colors of the red, green and blue channels of the LEDs are unknown. Though the red channel <em>looks</em> red, it
|
||||
may be of a slightly different hue compared to the reference red used in <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB">sRGB</a> which would also skew the RGB color
|
||||
space.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/driver_ringing_strong.jpg" alt="Strong ringing on the LED voltage waveform edge at about
|
||||
100% overshoot during about 70% of the cycle time.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The shift register logic output of the multichannel LED driver directly driving a small mosfet's
|
||||
gate through an inch or so of PCB trace caused extremely bad ringing at high driving
|
||||
frequencies.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/driver_ringing_weak.jpg" alt="Weak ringing on the LED voltage waveform edge at about 30%
|
||||
overshoot during about 20% of the cycle time.">
|
||||
<figcaption>Adding a resistor dampened the ringing somewhat, but ultimately it cannot be eliminated
|
||||
entirely.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</figure><p>These last two errors are tricky to compensate. What I needed for that was basically a model of the <em>perceived</em> colors
|
||||
of the LED tape's color channels. A way of doing his is to record the spectra of all color channels and then evaluate
|
||||
their respective XYZ coordinates. If all three channels are measured in one go with the same setup the relative
|
||||
magnitudes of the channels in XYZ will be accurate.</p>
|
||||
<p>To map any color to the LEDs, the color's XYZ coordinates simply have to be mapped onto the linear coordinate system
|
||||
produced by these three points within XYZ. LEDs are mostly linear in their luminous flux vs. current characteristic so
|
||||
this model will be adequate. The spectral integrals mapping the channels' measured responses to XYZ need only be
|
||||
calculated once and their results can be used as scaling factors thereafter.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="measuring-the-spectrum">
|
||||
<h2>Measuring the spectrum</h2>
|
||||
<p>In order to compensate for the cheap LED tape's non-ideal performance I had to measure the LED's red, green and blue
|
||||
channels' spectra. The obvious thing would be to go out and buy a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy">spectrograph</a>, or ask someone to borrow theirs. The
|
||||
former is kind of expensive, and I did not want to wait two weeks for the thing to arrive. The latter I could probably
|
||||
not do every time I got new LED tape. Thus the only choice was to build my own.</p>
|
||||
<p>Luckily, building your own spectrometer is really easy. The first thing you need is something that splits incident light
|
||||
into its constituent wavelengths. In professional devices this is called the <em>`monochromator`_</em>, since it allows extraction
|
||||
of small color bands from the spectrum. The second thing is some sort of optics that project the incident light onto a
|
||||
screen behind the monochromator. In professional devices lenses or curved mirrors are used. In a simple homebrew job a
|
||||
pinhole as you would use in a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera">camera obscura</a> does a remarkably nice job.</p>
|
||||
<p>For the monochromator component several things could be used. A prism would work, but I did not have any. The
|
||||
alternative is a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating">diffraction grating</a>. Professional gratings are quite specialized pieces of equipment and thus
|
||||
rather expensive. Luckily, there is a common household item that works almost as well: A regular CD or DVD. The
|
||||
microscopic grooves that are used to record data in a CD or DVD work the same as the grooves in a professional
|
||||
diffraction grating.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="household-spectra">
|
||||
<h2>Household spectra</h2>
|
||||
<p>From this starting point, a few seconds on my favorite search engine yielded an <a class="reference external" href="http://www.candac.ca/candacweb/sites/default/files/BuildaSpectroscope.pdf">article by two researchers from the
|
||||
National Science Museum in Tokyo</a> providing a nice blueprint for a simple cardboard-and-DVD construction for use in
|
||||
classrooms. I replicated their device using a DVD and it worked beautifully. Daylight and several types of small LEDs I
|
||||
had around did show the expected spectra. Small red, yellow, green, and blue LEDs showed narrow spectra, daylight one
|
||||
continuous broad one, and white LEDs a continuous broad one with a distinct bright spot in the blue part. The
|
||||
single-color LED spectra are quite narrow since they are determined by the LED's semiconductor's band gap, which is
|
||||
specific to the semiconductor used and is quite precise. White LEDs are in fact a blue LED chip covered with a so-called
|
||||
<em>phosphor</em>. This phosphor is not elementary phosphorus but an anorganic compound that absorbs the LED chip's blue light
|
||||
and re-emits a broader spectrum of more yellow-ish wavelengths instead. The final LED spectrum is a superposition of
|
||||
both spectra, with some of the original blue light leaking through the phosphor mixing with the broadband yellow
|
||||
spectrum of the phosphor.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/spectrograph_step1_parts.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>The ingredients. The cup of coffee and Madoka Magica DVD set are essential to the eventual
|
||||
function of the appartus.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/spectrograph_step2.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>Step 1: Cut to size and mark down all holes as described in <a
|
||||
href="http://www.candac.ca/candacweb/sites/default/files/BuildaSpectroscope.pdf">the manual</a></figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/spectrograph_step3.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>Step 2: Cut out all holes</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/spectrograph_step4_complete.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>The finished result with the back side showing. The viewing window is on the bottom of the other
|
||||
side.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</figure><p>Now that I had a spectrograph, I needed a somewhat predictable way of measuring the spectrum it gave me.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="measuring-a-spectrum">
|
||||
<h2>Measuring a spectrum</h2>
|
||||
<p>Pointing a camera at the spectrograph would be the obvious thing to do. This produces pretty images but has one critical
|
||||
flaw: I wanted to acquire quantitative measurements of brightness across the spectrum. Since I don't have a precise
|
||||
technical datasheet specifying the spectral response of any of my cameras I can't compare the absolute brightness of
|
||||
different colors on their pictures. Some other sensor was needed.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/daylight_spectrum_dvd.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>The daylight spectrum as seen using a DVD as a grating.
|
||||
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SpectresSolaires-DVD.jpg">Picture</a> by
|
||||
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Xofc">Xofc from Wikimedia Commons</a>,
|
||||
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC-BY-SA 4.0</a>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><div class="section" id="measuring-light-intensity">
|
||||
<h3>Measuring light intensity</h3>
|
||||
<p>Looking around my lab, I found a bag of <a class="reference external" href="https://dammedia.osram.info/media/resource/hires/osram-dam-2495903/SFH%202701.pdf">SFH2701</a> visible-light photodiodes. Their
|
||||
datasheet includes their spectral response so I can compensate for that, allowing precise-ish absolute intensity
|
||||
measurements. Just like LEDs, photodiodes are extremely linear across several orders of magnitude. The datasheet of the
|
||||
classic <a class="reference external" href="http://www.vishay.com/docs/81521/bpw34.pdf">BPW34</a> photodiode shows that this photodiode's light current is exactly proportional to illuminance over at
|
||||
least three orders of magnitude. The <a class="reference external" href="https://dammedia.osram.info/media/resource/hires/osram-dam-2495903/SFH%202701.pdf">SFH2701</a> datasheet does not include a similar graph but its performance will be
|
||||
similar. The <a class="reference external" href="https://dammedia.osram.info/media/resource/hires/osram-dam-2495903/SFH%202701.pdf">SFH2701</a> photodiodes I had at hand were perfect for the job compared to the vintage <a class="reference external" href="http://www.vishay.com/docs/81521/bpw34.pdf">BPW34</a> since their
|
||||
active sensing area is really small (0.6mm by 0.6mm) compared to the BPW34 (a whopping 3mm by 3mm). If I were to use a
|
||||
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.vishay.com/docs/81521/bpw34.pdf">BPW34</a> I would have to insert some small apterture in front of it so it does not catch too broad a part of the
|
||||
spectrum at once. The <a class="reference external" href="https://dammedia.osram.info/media/resource/hires/osram-dam-2495903/SFH%202701.pdf">SFH2701</a> is small enough that if I just point it at the projected spectrum directly I will
|
||||
already get only a small part of the spectrum inside its 0.6mm active area.</p>
|
||||
<p>To convert the photodiode's tiny photocurrent into a measurable voltage I built another copy of the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transimpedance_amplifier">transimpedance
|
||||
amplifier</a> circuit I already used in the <a class="reference external" href="https://jaseg.net/posts/multichannel-led-driver/">multichannel LED driver</a>. A <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transimpedance_amplifier">transimpedance amplifier</a> is an
|
||||
amplifiert that produces a large voltage from a small current. The weird name comes from the fact that it works kind of
|
||||
like an amplified resistor (which can be generalized as an <em>impedance</em> electrically). Apply a current to a resistor and
|
||||
you get a voltage. A transimpedance amplifiert does the same with the difference that its input always stays at 0V,
|
||||
making it look like an ideal current sink to the connected current source.</p>
|
||||
<p>Transimpedance amplifiers are common in optoelectronics to convert small photocurrents to voltages. In this instance I
|
||||
built a very simple circuit with a dampened transimpedance amplifier stage followed by a simple RC filter for noise
|
||||
rejection and a regular non-inverting amplifier using another op-amp from the same chip to further boost the filtered
|
||||
transimpedance amplifier output. I put all the passives setting amplifier response (the gain-setting resistors and the
|
||||
filter resistor and capacitors) on a small removable adapter so I could easily change them if necessary. I put a small
|
||||
trimpot on the virtual ground both amplifers use as a reference so I could trim that if necessary.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/preamp_schematic.jpg" alt="A drawing of the photodiode preamplifier's schematic">
|
||||
<figcaption>The photodiode preamplifier schematic. Schematic drawn with an unlicensed copy of
|
||||
DaveCAD.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><p>Following are pictures of the preamplifier board. The connectors on the top-left side are two copies of the analog
|
||||
signal for the ADC and a small panel meter. The SMA connector is used as the photodiode input since coax cables are
|
||||
generally low-leakage and have built-in shielding. The circuit is powered via the micro-USB connector and the analog
|
||||
ground bias voltage can be adjusted using the trimpot.</p>
|
||||
<p>For easy replacement, all passives setting gain and frequency response are on a small, pluggable carrier PCB made from a
|
||||
SMD-to-DIP adapter.</p>
|
||||
<p>Flying-wire construction is just fine for this low-frequency circuit. In a high-speed photodiode preamp, the
|
||||
transimpedance amplifier circuit would be highly sensitive to stray capacitance, but we're not aiming at high speed
|
||||
here.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/preamp_front.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>The front side of the preamplifier board.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><figure class="side-by-side">
|
||||
<img src="/images/preamp_back.jpg">
|
||||
<figcaption>The wiring of the photodiode preamp.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</figure><p>Given a way to measure intensity what remains missing is a way to scan a single photodiode across the spectrum.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="scanning-the-projection">
|
||||
<h3>Scanning the projection</h3>
|
||||
<p>A cheap linear stage can be found in any old CD or DVD drive. These drives use a small linear stage based on a
|
||||
stepper-driven screw to move the laser unit radially. Removing the laser unit and connecting a leftover stepper driver
|
||||
module I was left with a small linear stage with about 45 steps per cm without microstepping enabled. The driver I used
|
||||
was an <a class="reference external" href="https://www.pololu.com/file/0J450/A4988.pdf">A4988</a> module that required at least 8V motor drive voltage. I used a small micro USB-input boost converter
|
||||
module to generate a stable 10V supply for the motor driver, with the USB's 5V rail used as a logic supply for the motor
|
||||
driver.</p>
|
||||
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://dammedia.osram.info/media/resource/hires/osram-dam-2495903/SFH%202701.pdf">SFH2701</a> can easily be mounted to the linear stage using a small SMD breakout board glued in place with thin wires
|
||||
connecting it to the transimpedance amplifier. The DVD drive linear stage is not very strong so it is important that
|
||||
this wire does not put too much strain on it.</p>
|
||||
<p>Above the photodiode, I mounted a small piece of paper on the linear stage to be used as a projection screen to align
|
||||
the linear stage in front of the spectrometer viewing window. A line on the screen paper points to the photodiode die in
|
||||
parallel to the linear stage allowing precise alignment.</p>
|
||||
<p>The whole unit with photodiode preamplifier, linear stage, photodiode and stepper motor driver finally looks like this:</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/electronics_whole.jpg" alt="The complete electronics setup of the spectrograph. In the back
|
||||
there is the DVD drive stepper stage. In front of it, mounted on a piece of wood are a small USB-to-12V
|
||||
switching-regulator module to power the stepper motor in the top left, below on the bottom left is the
|
||||
photodiode preamp and on the right is a breadboard with the stepper driver module and lots of jumper wires
|
||||
interconnecting everything. On the right of the breadboard, a buspirate is attached to interface everything to a
|
||||
computer. On the bottom edge of the piece of wood, two LED panel meters are mounted for readout of the preamp
|
||||
output and the stepper supply voltages.">
|
||||
<figcaption>The complete electronics setup. The buspirate on the right interfaces to a computer and controls the
|
||||
stepper driver and ADC'es the preamp output. The two panel meters show the preamp output and stepper voltage for
|
||||
setup.</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><p>The projection of the spectrum can be adjusted by moving the light source relative to the entry slot and by moving
|
||||
around the grating DVD.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="the-capture-process">
|
||||
<h3>The capture process</h3>
|
||||
<p>To capture a spectrum, first the light source has to be mounted near the spectrograph's entry slot. The LED tape I
|
||||
tested I just taped face-down directly into it. Next, the grating DVD has to be adjusted to make sure the spectrum
|
||||
covers a sensible part of the photodiode's path. Mostly, this boils down to adjusting the photodiode distance and height
|
||||
to match the vertical extent and wiggling the grating DVD to adjust the projection's horizontal position.</p>
|
||||
<p>After the optics are set-up, the photodiode preamplifier has to be adjusted. In my experiments, most LED tape at 5GΩ
|
||||
required a high-ish amplification. The goal in this step is to maximize the peak response of the preamp to be just
|
||||
shy of its VCC rail to make best use of its dynamic range. To adjust the pre-amp, I took several very coarsely-spaced
|
||||
measurements to give me an estimate of the peak while I did not yet know its precise location.</p>
|
||||
<p>Since stray daylight totally swamped out the weak projection of the LED's spectrum I shielded the entire setup with a
|
||||
small box made of black cardboard and two black t-shirts on top. This shielding proved adequate for all my measurements
|
||||
but I had to be careful not to accidentially move the DVD that was stuck into the spectrograph with the shielding
|
||||
t-shirts.</p>
|
||||
<p>For capturing a single spectrum I wrote a small python script that will automatically move the stepper in adjustable
|
||||
intervals and take two measurements at each point, one with the LED tape off that can be used for offset calibration and
|
||||
one with the LED tape on. All measurements are stored in a sqlite database that can then be accesssed from other
|
||||
scripts.</p>
|
||||
<p>I built a small script that shows the progress of the current run and an jupyter notebook for data analysis. The jupyter
|
||||
notebook is capable of live-updating a graph with the in-progress spectrum's data. This was quite useful as a sanity
|
||||
check for when I made some mistake easy to spot in the resulting data.</p>
|
||||
<p>After one color channel is captured, the LED tape has to be manually set to the next color and the next measurement can
|
||||
begin.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/raw_plot_cheap_rgb.svg" alt="A plot with three wide peaks, two large peaks on both sides and
|
||||
one smaller one in the middle. The middle one overlaps the two on the sides. The large ones are about 2.5V in
|
||||
amplitude. Overall, the plot is about 300 stepper steps wide with each peak being around 130 steps wide.">
|
||||
<figcaption>A plot of the raw preamp output voltage versus stepper position. From left to right, the three peaks
|
||||
are blue, green and red. Step 0 corresponds to the bottommost stepper position and the shortest wavelength.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure></div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="data-analysis">
|
||||
<h3>Data analysis</h3>
|
||||
<p>Data analysis consists of three major steps: Offset- and stray light removal, wavelength and amplitude calibration and
|
||||
color space mapping.</p>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="offset-removal">
|
||||
<h4>Offset removal</h4>
|
||||
<p>The first task is to remove the offset caused by dark current as well as stray light of the LED's bright primary
|
||||
reflection on the DVD. The LED is very bright and only a small part of its light gets reflected by the grating towards
|
||||
the photodiode screen. The remaining part of the light is reflected onto the table in front of the DVD spectrograph.
|
||||
Though I covered all of this with black cardboard, some of that light ultimately gets reflected onto the photodiode.
|
||||
This causes a large offset, in particular in the blue part of the spectrum since in this part the photodiode is closest
|
||||
to the spectrograph's opening.</p>
|
||||
<p>The composite offset can be approximated with a second-order polynomial that is fitted to all the data outside of the
|
||||
main peak's area. Since at this point the wavelength of each data point is still unknown this is done with a rough first
|
||||
estimate of the three colors' peaks' locations and widths.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="wavelength-and-amplitude-calibration">
|
||||
<h4>Wavelength- and amplitude calibration</h4>
|
||||
<p>The photodiode's response is strongly wavelength-dependent. In particular in the blue band, the photodiode's sensitivity
|
||||
gets very poor down to about 20% at the edge to ultraviolet. This effect is strong enough to move the apparent location
|
||||
of the blue peak towards red.</p>
|
||||
<p>The problem is that in order to remove this non-linearity, we would already have to know the wavelength of the measured
|
||||
light. Since I don't, I settled for a two-step process. First, a coarse wavelength calibration is done relative to the
|
||||
red peak and the short-wavelength edge of the blue peak. The photodiode measurements are then sensitivity-corrected
|
||||
using this coarse measurement. Then all three channel peaks are measured in the resulting data and a fine wavelength
|
||||
estimate is produced by a least-squares fit of a linear function. This fine estimate is then used for a second
|
||||
sensitivity correction of all original measurements and the scale is changed from stepper motor step count to
|
||||
wavelength in nanometers.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img src="/images/processed_plot_cheap_rgb.svg" alt="A plot with three wide peaks, all three of different
|
||||
heights. The leftmost peak is highest at 6nA, the middle peak lowest at 1.6nA and the rightmost peak in between
|
||||
at 4nA. The middle one overlaps the two on the sides. Overall, the plot spans about 300nm on its x axis with
|
||||
each peak being around 100nm wide.">
|
||||
<figcaption>A plot of the processed measurements. From left to right, the three peaks are blue, green and red.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><!-- FIXME re-do these measurements, avoiding clipping -->
|
||||
<!-- FIXME re-do calibration using CCFL -->
|
||||
<!-- FIXME calibration for brightness imbalance due to wedge-shaped projection of spectrum -->
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="color-space-mapping">
|
||||
<h4>Color space mapping</h4>
|
||||
<p>Finally, to achieve the objective of measuring the LED tape's channels' precise color coordinates the measured spetra
|
||||
have to be matched against the color spaces' <em>color matching functions</em>. The color matching functions describe how
|
||||
strong the color space's idealized <em>standard observer</em> would react to light at a particular wavelength. Going from a
|
||||
measured spectrum to color coordinates XYZ works by integrating over the product of the measurement and each color
|
||||
coordinate's color matching function.</p>
|
||||
<p>The result are three color coordinates X, Y and Z for each channel R, G and B yielding nine coordinates in total. When
|
||||
written as a matrix conversion between XYZ color space and LED-RGB color space is as simple as multiplying that matrix
|
||||
(or its inverse) and a vector from one of the color spaces.</p>
|
||||
<p>In XYZ space, the set of colors that can be produced with this LED tape is described by the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelepiped">parallelepiped</a> spanned by
|
||||
the three channel's XYZ vectors. In the following figures, you can see a three-dimensional model of the RGB LED's color
|
||||
space (colorful) as well as sRGB (white) for comparison plotted within CIE 1931 XYZ. There is no natural map to scale
|
||||
both so for this illustration the LED color space has been scaled to fit. These figures were made with blender and a few
|
||||
lines of python. The blender project file including all settings and the python script to generate the color space
|
||||
models can be found in the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jaseg/led_drv">project repo</a>.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<video controls loop>
|
||||
<source src="/video/led_within_srgb_scale=1.0.mkv" type="video/h264">
|
||||
<source src="/video/led_within_srgb_scale=1.0.webm" type="video/webm">
|
||||
Your browser does not support the HTML5 video tag.
|
||||
</video>
|
||||
<figcaption>Illustration of the measured LED color space scaled to fit within XYZ with sRGB (light gray) for
|
||||
comparison. The thick, white line is the spectral locus.
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="/video/led_within_srgb_scale=1.0.mkv">mkv/h264 download</a> /
|
||||
<a href="/video/led_within_srgb_scale=1.0.webm">webm download</a>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure><p>As you can see, the result is pretty disappointing. The LED's color space parallepiped is very narrow, which is because
|
||||
the blue channel is much brighter than the other two channels. An easy fix for this is to scale-up the RGB space and
|
||||
drop any values outside XYZ. The scaling factor is a trade-off between color space coverage and brightness. You can
|
||||
produce the most colors when you clip all channels to brightness of the weakest channel (green in this case), but that
|
||||
will make the result very dim. Scaling brightness like that stretches the RGB parallelepiped along its major axis. Up to
|
||||
a point the number of possible colors (the gamut) increases at expense of maximum brightness. When the parallelepiped is
|
||||
stretched far enought for all three channel vectors to be outside the 1,1,1 XYZ-cube, maximum brightness continues to
|
||||
decrease but the gamut stays constant. I don't know a simple scientific way to solve this problem, so I just played
|
||||
around with a couple of factors and settled on 2.5 as a reasonable compromise. Below is an illustration.</p>
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<video controls loop>
|
||||
<source src="/video/led_within_srgb_fancy_camera_path_scale=2.5.mkv" type="video/h264">
|
||||
<source src="/video/led_within_srgb_fancy_camera_path_scale=2.5.webm" type="video/webm">
|
||||
Your browser does not support the HTML5 video tag.
|
||||
</video>
|
||||
<figcaption>Illustration of the measured LED color space at scale factor 2.5 within XYZ with sRGB (light gray)
|
||||
for comparison. The thick, white line is the spectral locus.
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="/video/led_within_srgb_fancy_camera_path_scale=2.5.mkv">mkv/h264 download</a> /
|
||||
<a href="/video/led_within_srgb_fancy_camera_path_scale=2.5.webm">webm download</a>
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="firmware-implementation">
|
||||
<h2>Firmware implementation</h2>
|
||||
<p>In the end, the above measurements yield two matrices: One for mapping XYZ to RGB, and one for mapping RGB to XYZ. Of
|
||||
the several versions of CIE XYZ I chose the CIE 1931 XYZ color space as a basis for the firmware because it is most
|
||||
popular. Mapping a color coordinate in one color space to the other is as simple as performing nine floating-point
|
||||
multiplications and six additions. Mapping Lab or Lch to RGB is done by first mapping Lab/Lch to XYZ, then XYZ to RGB.
|
||||
Lab to XYZ is somewhat complex since it requires a floating-point power for gamma correction, but any self-respecting
|
||||
libc will have one of those so this is still no problem. Lch also requires floating-point sine and cosine functions, but
|
||||
these should still be no problem on most hardware.</p>
|
||||
<p>My implementation of these conversions in the ESP8266 firmware of my <a class="reference external" href="https://jaseg.net/posts/wifi-led-driver/">Wifi LED driver</a> can be found <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jaseg/esp_led_drv/blob/master/user/led_controller.c">on Github</a>.</p>
|
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<h1><span class="title">Zeus Hammer</span></h1>
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<h2 class="date">2018/05/03</h2>
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<p>In case you were having an inferiority complex because your friends' IBM Model M keyboards are so much louder than the
|
||||
shitty rubber dome freebie you got with your pc... Here's the solution: Zeus Hammer, a simple typing cadence enhancer
|
||||
for <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS/2_port">PS/2</a> keyboards.</p>
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||||
<!-- FIXME: add demo video -->
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||||
<p>The connects to the keyboard's PS/2 clock line and briefly actuates a large solenoid on each key press. An interesting
|
||||
fact about PS/2 is that the clock line is only active as long as either the host computer or the input device actually
|
||||
want to send data. In case of a keyboard that's the case when a key is pressed or when the host changes the keyboard's
|
||||
LED state, otherwise the clock line is silent. We ignore the LED activity for now as it's generally coupled to key
|
||||
presses. By just triggering an NE555 configured as astable flipflop we can stretch each train of clock pulses to a
|
||||
pulse a few tens of milliseconds long that is enough to actuate the solenoid.</p>
|
||||
<img alt="/images/zeus_hammer_schematic.jpg" src="/images/zeus_hammer_schematic.jpg" />
|
||||
<p>Since PS/2 sends each key press and key release separately this circuit will pulse twice per keystroke. It would be
|
||||
possible to ignore one of them but I figure the added noise just adds to the experience.</p>
|
||||
<p>Built on a breadboard, the circuit looks like this.</p>
|
||||
<img alt="/images/zeus_hammer_breadboard.jpg" src="/images/zeus_hammer_breadboard.jpg" />
|
||||
<p>The completed system looks like this.</p>
|
||||
<!-- FIXME: add image of completed system -->
|
||||
<p>Since my solenoid did not have a tensioning spring I used a rubber band and some vinyl tape to make an adjustable
|
||||
tensioner. The small orange USB hub serves as an end-stop because I had nothing else of the right shape. The sound and
|
||||
resonance of the thing can be adjusted to taste by moving the end stop, adjusting the tensioning rubber and tuning the
|
||||
excitation duration using the potentiometer. My particular solenoid was a bit slow so I added some pieces of circuit
|
||||
board as shims between the plunger and the case to limit the plunger's travel inside the solenoid core. Here is another
|
||||
video of the thing in action in which I tune and de-tune the mechanical resonance using the potentiometer.</p>
|
||||
<!-- FIXME: add video w/ tune/detune -->
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Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue