Update tech report
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doc/quick-tech-report/concept_vis_one_axis.pdf
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 20 KiB |
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@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ This work contains the following contributions:
|
|||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item We present the \emph{Inertial HSM} concept. Inertial HSMs enable cost-effective small-scale production of
|
||||
highly secure HSMs.
|
||||
\item We discuss possible boundary sensing modes for intertial HSMs.
|
||||
\item We discuss possible boundary sensing modes for inertial HSMs.
|
||||
\item We explore the design space our inertial HSM concept.
|
||||
% FIXME \item Presentation of a prototype inertial HSM.
|
||||
\item We present a prototype of an inertial HSM.
|
||||
% FIXME \item Measurement of the prototype HSM's susceptibility to various types of attack.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -215,11 +215,10 @@ very high-performance one. The closes to a mechanical HSM that we were able to f
|
|||
patent \cite{rahman1988} that describes an mechanism to detect tampering along a communication cable by enclosing the
|
||||
cable inside a conduit filled with pressurized gas.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Intertial HSM construction and operation}
|
||||
\section{Inertial HSM construction and operation}
|
||||
\subsection{Using motion for tamper detection}
|
||||
Mechanical motion has been proposed as a means of making things harder to see with the human eye\cite{haines2006} but we
|
||||
seem to be the first to use it in tamper detection. Let us think about how one would go about increasing the security of
|
||||
a primitive tamper detection sensor.
|
||||
seem to be the first to use it in tamper detection. Let us think about the constraints of our approach.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item We need the sensor's motion to be fairly fast. If any point of the sensor moves slow enough for a human to
|
||||
|
|
@ -249,6 +248,14 @@ From this, we can make a few observations.
|
|||
power supply of the payload.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics{concept_vis_one_axis.pdf}
|
||||
\caption{Concept of a simple rotating inertial HSM. 1 - Axis of rotation. 2 - Security mesh. 3 - Payload. 4 -
|
||||
Accelerometer. 5 - Shaft penetrating security mesh.}
|
||||
\label{fig_schema_one_axis}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
In a rotating reference frame, at any point the centrifugal force is proportional to the square of the angular frequency
|
||||
and linearly proportional to the distance from the axis of rotation. We can exploit this fact to create a sensor that
|
||||
detects any disturbance of the rotation by simply placing a linear accelerometer at some distance to the axis of
|
||||
|
|
@ -259,11 +266,15 @@ challenge of preventing the whole thing from flying apart, but also creates an o
|
|||
manipulate the sensor.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Payload mounting mechanisms}
|
||||
The simplest way to mount a stationary payload in a rotating security mesh is to drive the rotor through a
|
||||
hollow axis. This allows the payload to be mounted on a fixed rod threaded through the hollow axis, along with wires for
|
||||
power and data.
|
||||
|
||||
The simplest way to mount a stationary payload in a rotating security mesh is to drive the rotor using a hollow shaft.
|
||||
This allows the payload to be mounted on a fixed rod threaded through this hollow shaft along with wires for power and
|
||||
data. The stationary rod and cables on the axis of rotation inside the hollow shaft are a weak spot of the system, but
|
||||
this weak spot can be alleviated through either careful construction or a second layer of rotating meshes with a
|
||||
differnt axis of rotation.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Rotating mesh power supply}
|
||||
|
||||
There are several options to transfer power to the rotor from its stationary frame.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
|
|
@ -272,28 +283,40 @@ There are several options to transfer power to the rotor from its stationary fra
|
|||
\item Inductive power transfer as used in inductive charging systems can be used without modification.
|
||||
\item A second brushless motor on the axis of rotation can be used as a generator, with its axis connected to the
|
||||
fixed frame and its stator mounted and connected to the rotor.
|
||||
\item A bright LED along with some small solar cells may be a practical approach for small amounts of energy.
|
||||
\item A bright LED along with some small solar cells may be a practical approach for small amounts of
|
||||
energy\footnote{See Appendix \ref{sec_energy_calculations} for a back-of-the-envelope calculation}.
|
||||
\item For a very low-power security mesh, a battery specified to last for the lifetime of the device may be
|
||||
practical.
|
||||
practical\footnote{See Appendix \ref{sec_energy_calculations}}.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Payload cooling}
|
||||
|
||||
In boundary-sensing HSMs, cooling of the processor inside is a serious issue since any air
|
||||
duct or heat pipe would have to penetrate the HSM's sensitive boundary. This problem can be solve by complex and costly
|
||||
siphon-style constructions, but in commercial systems heat conduction is used exclusively. This severely limiting the
|
||||
maximum power dissipation of the payload and thus its processing power. In our rotating HSM concept, the rotating mesh
|
||||
can have longitudindal gaps in the mesh without impeding its function. This allows air to pass through the mesh during
|
||||
rotation, and one could even integrate a fan into the rotor. This greatly increases the maximum possible power
|
||||
dissipation of the payload and unlocks much more powerful processing capabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Rotating mesh data communication}
|
||||
|
||||
As we discussed above, while slip rings are the obvious choice to couple electrical signals through a rotating joint,
|
||||
they are likely to be too expensive and have too short a life span for our application. Since the only information that
|
||||
needs to pass between payload and rotor are the occassional status report and a high-frequency heartbeat signal that
|
||||
acts as the alarm trigger, a simple optocoupler close to the axis of rotation is a good solution.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Future work}
|
||||
With this paper, we intend to spread the word on our idea. Thus, below we include a selection of the open questions we
|
||||
are currently working on. If you wish to tackle some of these, please feel free to contact the authors.
|
||||
\section{Design space exploration}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Other modes of movement}
|
||||
|
||||
Though we decided to use rotation as an easy-to-implement yet secure option, other modes of movement bear promise as
|
||||
well. Particularly for less high-security applications without strict space constraints, a variant based on a pendulum
|
||||
motion may be worth investigating as it would simplify the mechanical construction. Power and data transfer to the
|
||||
moving part could simply be done with very flexible cables.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Multiple axes of rotation}
|
||||
|
||||
One option to alleviate the weak spot a rotating mesh has at its axis of rotation, a system with two or more axes of
|
||||
rotation could be used. A single mesh would still suffice in this case, but when evaluating accelerometer readings, the
|
||||
braking detection algorithm would have to superimpose both.
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,14 +327,6 @@ mounted permanent magnets with a coil integrated into the rotor's PCB as a low-p
|
|||
inefficient, this setup would be low-cost and would still suffice for the meager power requirements of the rotor's
|
||||
monitoring circuitry.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Payload cooling}
|
||||
An issue with existing HSM concepts is that the mesh has to fully envelope the payload, and thus traditional air cooling
|
||||
or heat pipes cannot be used. Existing systems rely on heat conduction through the mesh alone for cooling, severly
|
||||
limiting the maximum power dissipation of the payload. In our rotating HSM concept, the rotating mesh can have
|
||||
longitudindal gaps in the mesh without impeding its function. This allows air to pass through the mesh during rotation,
|
||||
and a future evolution of the concept could even integrate a fan into the rotating component. This greatly increases the
|
||||
maximum possible power dissipation of the payload, allowing for much more powerful processing.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Other sensing modes}
|
||||
Since the security requirement the primary tamper-detection barrier needs to measure up to are much more lenient in the
|
||||
rotating HSM concept than in traditional HSMs, other coarse sensing modes besides low-tech meshes may be attractive. One
|
||||
|
|
@ -393,6 +408,11 @@ direct access to the accelerometer from the outside and can be prevented by moun
|
|||
security envelope. This attack only works if the rate of rotation is constant and is trivially detectable if the rate of
|
||||
rotation is set to change on a schedule.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Prototype implementation}
|
||||
|
||||
%FIXME
|
||||
FIXME
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Conclusion}
|
||||
In this paper, we have presented inertial hardware security modules, a novel concept for the construction of highly
|
||||
secure hardware security modules from inexpensive, commonly available parts. We have elaborated the engineering
|
||||
|
|
@ -402,7 +422,8 @@ laid out some ideas for future research on the concept, and we will continue our
|
|||
|
||||
\printbibliography[heading=bibintoc]
|
||||
\appendix
|
||||
\section{Rotating mesh energy calculations}
|
||||
\subsection{Rotating mesh energy calculations}
|
||||
\label{sec_energy_calculations}
|
||||
Assume that the rotating mesh sensor should send its tamper status to the static monitoring circuit at least once every
|
||||
$T_\text{tx} = \SI{10}{\milli\second}$. At $\SI{100}{\kilo\baud}$ a transmission of a single byte in standard UART
|
||||
framing would take $\SI{100}{\micro\second}$ and yield an $\SI{1}{\percent}$ duty cycle. If we assume an optical or RF
|
||||
|
|
@ -410,12 +431,14 @@ transmitter that requires $\SI{10}{\milli\ampere}$ of active current, this yield
|
|||
$\SI{100}{\micro\ampere}$. Reserving another $\SI{100}{\micro\ampere}$ for the monitoring circuit itself we arrive at an
|
||||
energy consumption of $\SI{1.7}{\ampere\hour\per\year}$.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Battery power}
|
||||
\subsubsection{Battery power}
|
||||
\label{sec_energy_calculations_battery}
|
||||
The annual energy consumption we calculated above is about equivalent to the capacity of a single CR123A
|
||||
lithium primary cell. Using several such cells or optimizing power consumption would thus easily yield several years of
|
||||
battery life.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{LED and solar cell}
|
||||
\subsubsection{LED and solar cell}
|
||||
\label{sec_energy_calculations_led}
|
||||
Let us assume an LED with a light output of $\SI{1}{W}$ illuminating a small solar cell. Let us pessimistically assume a
|
||||
$\SI{5}{\percent}$ conversion efficiency in the solar cell. Let us assume that when the rotor is at its optimal
|
||||
rotational angle, $\SI{20}{\percent}$ of the LED's light output couple into the solar cell. Let us assume that we loose
|
||||
|
|
@ -424,7 +447,29 @@ an energy output from the solar cell of $\SI{1}{\milli\watt}$. Assuming a $\SI{3
|
|||
$\SI{300}{\micro\ampere}$ for our monitoring circuit. This is enough even with some conversion losses in the step-up
|
||||
converter boosing the solar cell's $\SI{0.6}{\volt}$ working voltage to the monitoring circuit's supply voltage.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Patents and licensing}
|
||||
\subsection{Minimum angular velocity}
|
||||
|
||||
Let us determine a good target value for our rotating HSM's angular velocity. For simplicity, let us consider two types
|
||||
of attacker.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsubsection{Rotating human attacker}
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker might try to rotate along with the HSM to attack the security mesh without triggering the accelerometer. Let
|
||||
us pessimistically assume that the attacker has the axis of rotation running through their center of mass. The
|
||||
attacker's body is probably at least $\SI{200}{\milli\meter}$ wide along its shortest back-to-chest axis, resulting in a
|
||||
minimum radius from axis of rotation to surface of about $\SI{100}{\milli\meter}$. We choose
|
||||
$\SI{250}{\meter\per\second^2}$ as an arbitrary acceleration well past the range tolerable by humans according to
|
||||
Wikipedia. Centrifugal acceleration is $a=\omega^2 r$. In our example this results in a minimum angular velocity of
|
||||
$\omega_\text{min} = \sqrt{\frac{a}{r}} = \sqrt{\frac{\SI{250}{\meter\per\second^2}}{\SI{100}{\milli\meter}}} \approx
|
||||
16\frac{\pi}{\si{\second}} \approx 500 \text{rpm}$.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsubsection{Rotating robot attacker}
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker might try to use a robot to attack the rotating mesh.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsubsection{Fooling the accelerometer}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Patents and licensing}
|
||||
During devlopment, we performed several hours of research on prior art for the inertial HSM concept. Yet, we could not
|
||||
find any mentions of similar concepts either in academic literature or in patents. Thus, we deem ourselves to be the
|
||||
inventors of this idea and we are fairly sure it is not covered by any patents or other restrictions at this point in
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue