paper: Add initial experimental results
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doc/quick-tech-report/circuits.ipynb
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doc/quick-tech-report/ir_tx_schema.pdf
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1 0 0 -1
|
||||
$EndComp
|
||||
Wire Notes Line
|
||||
3200 3000 4450 3000
|
||||
Wire Notes Line
|
||||
4450 3000 4450 2600
|
||||
Wire Notes Line
|
||||
4450 2600 3200 2600
|
||||
Wire Notes Line
|
||||
3200 2600 3200 3000
|
||||
Text Notes 2900 2700 0 50 ~ 0
|
||||
IR link
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
4650 3750 5950 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
5950 4650 5950 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
5700 4650 5950 4650
|
||||
Wire Notes Line
|
||||
3850 1550 3850 5700
|
||||
Text Notes 3750 1750 2 100 ~ 0
|
||||
Stator
|
||||
Text Notes 3950 1750 0 100 ~ 0
|
||||
Rotor
|
||||
Text Label 5650 3750 2 50 ~ 0
|
||||
VGND
|
||||
Text Notes 5300 1950 2 50 ~ 0
|
||||
TIA G=100kΩ
|
||||
Text Notes 7500 2350 2 50 ~ 0
|
||||
Amplifier G=100
|
||||
Text Notes 8950 2900 2 50 ~ 0
|
||||
Comparator
|
||||
Text Notes 5650 4000 2 50 ~ 0
|
||||
Virtual Ground Buffer
|
||||
$Comp
|
||||
L Device:C C3
|
||||
U 1 1 5FC76733
|
||||
P 5750 3150
|
||||
F 0 "C3" V 5900 3150 50 0000 C CNN
|
||||
F 1 "7p" V 5911 3150 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 2 "" H 5788 3000 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 3 "~" H 5750 3150 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
1 5750 3150
|
||||
0 1 1 0
|
||||
$EndComp
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6650 3350 6650 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6650 3350 6900 3350
|
||||
Connection ~ 6650 3750
|
||||
$Comp
|
||||
L Device:Opamp_Quad_Generic U1
|
||||
U 3 1 5FC7A609
|
||||
P 8750 3350
|
||||
F 0 "U1" H 8750 3075 50 0000 C CNN
|
||||
F 1 "MCP6494" H 8750 3074 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 2 "" H 8750 3350 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 3 "~" H 8750 3350 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
3 8750 3350
|
||||
1 0 0 1
|
||||
$EndComp
|
||||
$Comp
|
||||
L Device:C C4
|
||||
U 1 1 5FC8AF8D
|
||||
P 7850 3250
|
||||
F 0 "C4" V 8102 3250 50 0000 C CNN
|
||||
F 1 "7p" V 8011 3250 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 2 "" H 7888 3100 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 3 "~" H 7850 3250 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
1 7850 3250
|
||||
0 1 1 0
|
||||
$EndComp
|
||||
$Comp
|
||||
L Device:R R8
|
||||
U 1 1 5FC9BACD
|
||||
P 6400 3400
|
||||
F 0 "R8" V 6300 3400 50 0000 C CNN
|
||||
F 1 "1k" V 6284 3400 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 2 "" V 6330 3400 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 3 "~" H 6400 3400 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
1 6400 3400
|
||||
-1 0 0 1
|
||||
$EndComp
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
5950 3750 6400 3750
|
||||
Connection ~ 5950 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6400 3550 6400 3750
|
||||
Connection ~ 6400 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6400 3750 6650 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6300 3150 6400 3150
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6400 3250 6400 3150
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6400 2700 7050 2700
|
||||
Connection ~ 6400 3150
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6400 3150 6900 3150
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6400 3150 6400 2700
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6000 3150 5900 3150
|
||||
$Comp
|
||||
L Device:R R9
|
||||
U 1 1 5FCAEC24
|
||||
P 8100 3500
|
||||
F 0 "R9" V 8000 3500 50 0000 C CNN
|
||||
F 1 "100k" V 7984 3500 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 2 "" V 8030 3500 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
F 3 "~" H 8100 3500 50 0001 C CNN
|
||||
1 8100 3500
|
||||
-1 0 0 1
|
||||
$EndComp
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
7600 3250 7700 3250
|
||||
Connection ~ 7600 3250
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8450 3450 8350 3450
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8000 3250 8100 3250
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
6650 3750 8100 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8350 3450 8350 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8100 3350 8100 3250
|
||||
Connection ~ 8100 3250
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8100 3250 8450 3250
|
||||
Connection ~ 8100 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8100 3750 8350 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
8100 3650 8100 3750
|
||||
Wire Wire Line
|
||||
4650 3250 4650 3750
|
||||
Text Notes 5700 3750 0 50 ~ 0
|
||||
1/2 VCC = 1.5V
|
||||
$EndSCHEMATC
|
||||
3246
doc/quick-tech-report/photolink_schematic.svg
Normal file
3246
doc/quick-tech-report/photolink_schematic.svg
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 109 KiB |
BIN
doc/quick-tech-report/proto_3d_design.jpg
Normal file
BIN
doc/quick-tech-report/proto_3d_design.jpg
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 62 KiB |
BIN
doc/quick-tech-report/prototype_early_comms_small.jpg
Normal file
BIN
doc/quick-tech-report/prototype_early_comms_small.jpg
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 506 KiB |
BIN
doc/quick-tech-report/rotohsm_tech_report.pdf
Normal file
BIN
doc/quick-tech-report/rotohsm_tech_report.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
|
@ -315,18 +315,6 @@ In our design with a stationary payload where only the security mesh and sensors
|
|||
reports and a high-frequency alarm trigger heartbeat signal have to pass from rotor to stator. For this, a simple
|
||||
optocoupler close to the axis of rotation is a good solution.
|
||||
|
||||
% FIXME note prototype implementation here
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Hardware prototype}
|
||||
|
||||
% FIXME expand & update below w/ hw proto findings
|
||||
|
||||
We are currently working on a hardware prototype that demonstrates the fundamental components of our concept. The
|
||||
prototype will be based on a security mesh made with a commercial printed circuit board manufacturing process. In our
|
||||
prototype we intend to use two commercially available hollow-shaft brushless DC (BLDC) motors originally intended for
|
||||
quadcopter-mounted camera gimbals, one for driving and one for power transfer. The prototype will have a usable internal
|
||||
volume sufficient to house a small form factor PC ($\approx\SI{2}{\liter}$).
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Attacks}
|
||||
\subsection{Attacks on the mesh}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -382,7 +370,134 @@ If the rate of rotation is set to change on a schedule, it is trivially detectab
|
|||
\section{Prototype implementation}
|
||||
|
||||
%FIXME
|
||||
FIXME
|
||||
To validate our theoretical design, we have implemented a prototype rotary HSM. The main engineering challenges we
|
||||
solved in our prototype are:
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item Fundamental mechanical design suitable for rapid prototyping that can withstand a rotation of $\SI{500}{rpm}$.
|
||||
\item Automatic generation of security mesh PCB layouts for quick adaption to new form factors.
|
||||
\item Non-contact power transmission to rotor.
|
||||
\item Non-contact bidirectional data communication between stator and rotor.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Mechanical design}
|
||||
|
||||
We sized our prototype to have space for one or two full-size Raspberry Pi boards. Each one of these boards is already
|
||||
more powerful than an ordinary HSM, but they are small enough to simplify our prototype's design. For low-cost
|
||||
prototyping we designed our prototype to use printed circuit boards as its main structural material. The interlocking
|
||||
parts were designed in FreeCAD mechanical CAD as shown in Figure \ref{proto_3d_design}. The mechanical designs were
|
||||
exported to KiCAD for electrical design before being sent to a commercial PCB manufacturer. Rotor and stator are built
|
||||
from interlocking, soldered PCBs. The components are mounted to a $\SI{6}{\milli\meter}$ brass tube using FDM 3D printed
|
||||
flanges. The rotor is driven by a small hobby quadcopter motor.
|
||||
|
||||
Security is provided by a PCB security mesh enveloping the entire system and extending to within a few millimeters of
|
||||
the shaft. For security it is not necessary to cover the entire circumference of the module with mesh, so we opted to
|
||||
use only three narrow longitudinal struts to save weight.
|
||||
|
||||
To mount the entire HSM, we chose to use ``2020'' modular aluminium profile.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics[height=7cm]{proto_3d_design.jpg}
|
||||
\caption{The 3D CAD design of the prototype.}
|
||||
\label{proto_3d_design}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{PCB security mesh generation}
|
||||
|
||||
To allow a quick iteration of our design while producing results with a realistic level of security, we wrote a plugin
|
||||
for the KiCAD EDA suite that automatically generates parametrized security meshes. When KiCAD is used in conjunction
|
||||
with FreeCAD through FreeCAD's KiCAD StepUp plugin, this ends up in an efficient toolchain from mechanical CAD design to
|
||||
security mesh PCB gerber files. The mesh generation plugin can be found at its
|
||||
website\footnote{\url{https://blog.jaseg.de/posts/kicad-mesh-plugin/}}.
|
||||
|
||||
Our mesh generation plugin overlays a grid on the target area and then produces a randomized tree covering this grid.
|
||||
The individual mesh traces are then traced along a depth-first search through this tree. A visualization of the steps is
|
||||
shown in Figure \ref{mesh_gen_viz}. A sample of the production results from our prototype is shown in Figure
|
||||
\ref{mesh_gen_sample}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{mesh_gen_viz.pdf}
|
||||
\caption{Overview of the automatic security mesh generation process. 1 - the blob is the example target area. 2 - A
|
||||
grid is overlayed. 3 - Grid cells outside of the target area are removed. 4 - A random tree covering the remaining
|
||||
cells is generated. 5 - The mesh traces are traced along a depth-first walk of the tree. 6 - Result.}
|
||||
\label{mesh_gen_viz}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{mesh_scan_crop.jpg}
|
||||
\caption{A section of the security mesh PCB we produced with our toolchain for the prototype HSM.}
|
||||
\label{mesh_gen_sample}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Data transmission through rotating joint}
|
||||
|
||||
As a baseline solution for data transmission, we settled on a $\SI{115}{\kilo\baud}$ UART signal sent through a simple
|
||||
bidirectional infrared link. In the transmitter, the UART TX line on-off modulates a $\SI{920}{\nano\meter}$ IR LED
|
||||
through a common-emitter driver transistor. In the receiver, an IR PIN photodiode reverse-biased to
|
||||
$\frac{1}{2}V_\text{CC}$ is connected to a reasonably wideband transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with a
|
||||
$\SI{100}{\kilo\ohm}$ transimpedance. As shown in Figure \ref{photolink_schematic}, the output of this TIA is fed
|
||||
through another $G=100$ amplifier whose output is then squared up by a comparator. We used an \textsf{MCP6494} quad
|
||||
CMOS op-amp. At a specified $\SI{2}{\milli\ampere}$ current consumption it is within our rotor's power budget, and its
|
||||
Gain Bandwidth Product of $\SI{7.5}{\mega\hertz}$ yields a useful transimpedance in the photodiode-facing TIA stage.
|
||||
|
||||
To reduce the requirements on power transmission to the rotor, we have tried to reduce power consumption of the
|
||||
rotor-side receiver/transmitter pair trading off stator-side power consumption. One part of this is that we use
|
||||
a wide-angle photodiode and IR LED on the stator, but use narrow-angle components on the rotor. The two rx/tx pairs are
|
||||
arranged next to the motor on opposite sides. By placing the narrow-angle rotor rx/tx components on the outside as
|
||||
shown in Figure \ref{ir_tx_schema}, the motor shields both IR links from crosstalk. The rotor transmitter LED is
|
||||
driven at $\SI{1}{\milli\ampere}$ while the stator transmitter LED is driven at $\SI{20}{\milli\ampere}$.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics{ir_tx_schema.pdf}
|
||||
\caption{Schema of our bidirectional IR communication link between rotor and stator, view along axis of rotation. 1
|
||||
- Rotor base PCB. 2 - Stator IR link PCB. 3 - Motor. 4 - receiver PIN photodiode. 5 - transmitter IR LED.}
|
||||
\label{ir_tx_schema}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{photolink_schematic.pdf}
|
||||
\caption{Schematic of the IR communication link. Component values are only examples. In particular C2 depends highly
|
||||
on the photodiode used and stray capacitances due to the component layout.}
|
||||
\label{photolink_schematic}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Power transmission through rotating joint}
|
||||
|
||||
Since this prototype serves only demonstration purposes, we chose to use the simplest possible method of power
|
||||
transmission: Solar cells. We mounted six series-connected solar cells made up from three commercially available modules
|
||||
on the circular PCB at the end of our cylindrical rotor. The solar cells direclty feed the rotor's logic supply with
|
||||
buffering by a large $\SI{33}{\micro\farad}$ ceramic capacitor. With six cells in series, they provide around
|
||||
$\SI{3.0}{\volt}$ at several tens of $\si{\milli\ampere}$ given sufficient illumination.
|
||||
|
||||
For simplicity and weight reduction, at this point we chose to forego large buffer capacitors on the rotor. This means
|
||||
variations in solar cell illumination directly couple into the microcontroller's supply rail. Initially, we experimented
|
||||
with regular residential LED light bulbs, but those turned out to have too much flicker and lead to our microcontroller
|
||||
frequently rebooting. Trials using an incandecent light produced a stable supply, but the large amount of infrared light
|
||||
emitted by the incandecent light bulb severely disturbed our near-infrared communication link. As a consequence of
|
||||
this, we settled on a small LED light made for photography applications that provdided us with mostly flicker-free
|
||||
light, leading to a sufficiently stable microcontroller VCC rail without any disturbance to the IR link.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Evaluation}
|
||||
|
||||
During experiments, our prototype performed as intended. After some experimentation, we got both power and data
|
||||
transmission through the rotating joint working reliably. Figure \ref{prototype_early_comms} shows our prototype
|
||||
performing reliably at maximum speed for the first time. Our improvised IR link is open in both directions for about
|
||||
$\SI{60}{\degree}$ of the rotation, which allows us to reliably transfer several tens of bytes in each direction during
|
||||
each receiver's fly-by even at high speed of rotation. As a result of our prototype experiments, we consider a
|
||||
larger-scale implementation of the inertial HSM concept practical.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\center
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{prototype_early_comms_small.jpg}
|
||||
\caption{The protoype when we first achieved reliable power transfer and bidirectional communication between stator
|
||||
and rotor. In the picture, the prototype was communicating reliably up to the maximum $\approx\SI{1500}{rpm}$ that
|
||||
we could get out of its hobby quadcopter parts.}
|
||||
\label{prototype_early_comms}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Future Work}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -416,9 +531,10 @@ or courier services after spin-up.
|
|||
\section{Conclusion}
|
||||
In this paper, we have presented inertial hardware security modules, a novel concept for the construction of highly
|
||||
secure hardware security modules from inexpensive, commonly available parts. We have elaborated the engineering
|
||||
considerations underlying a practical implementation of this concept. We have analyzed the concept for its security
|
||||
properties and highlighted its ability to significantly strengthen otherwise weak tamper detection barriers. We have
|
||||
laid out some ideas for future research on the concept.
|
||||
considerations underlying a practical implementation of this concept. We have implemented a prototype demonstrating
|
||||
practical solutions to the significant engineering challenges of this concept. We have analyzed the concept for its
|
||||
security properties and highlighted its ability to significantly strengthen otherwise weak tamper detection barriers. We
|
||||
have laid out some ideas for future research on the concept.
|
||||
|
||||
\printbibliography[heading=bibintoc]
|
||||
\appendix
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ int main(void) {
|
|||
int i = 0;
|
||||
while (23) {
|
||||
if (tx_st.remaining_bytes == 0) {
|
||||
if (i > 1000) {
|
||||
if (i > 100) {
|
||||
res_buf.req_seq = req_seq;
|
||||
res_buf.res_seq = res_seq;
|
||||
res_seq += 1;
|
||||
|
|
@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ int main(void) {
|
|||
} else {
|
||||
if (rc == sizeof(req_buf)) {
|
||||
crc32_t check_crc = pkt_crc(&req_buf, &req_buf.trailer);
|
||||
if (check_crc != req_buf.trailer.crc32) {
|
||||
if (check_crc != req_buf.trailer.crc32 || check_crc == 0 || check_crc == -1) {
|
||||
rx_crc_error += 1;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
req_seq = req_buf.req_seq;
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|||
while True:
|
||||
data = ser.read()
|
||||
for c in data:
|
||||
if byte_count == 0:
|
||||
print(f'\033[38;5;244m{time.time() - start_time: 8.3f} \033[0m', end='')
|
||||
#if byte_count == 0:
|
||||
#print(f'\033[38;5;244m{time.time() - start_time: 8.3f} \033[0m', end='')
|
||||
|
||||
col = '\033[91m' if c == 0 else '\033[0m' # if c == (lastc - 1) % 256 else '\033[92m')
|
||||
print(f'{col}{c:02x}', end=' ')
|
||||
#print(f'{col}{c:02x}', end=' ')
|
||||
line += bytes([c])
|
||||
byte_count += 1
|
||||
if c == 0:
|
||||
print(' ' * (16 - byte_count), end='\033[0m\n')
|
||||
#print(' ' * (16 - byte_count), end='\033[0m\n')
|
||||
byte_count = 16
|
||||
try:
|
||||
payload = cobs.decode(packet)
|
||||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|||
else:
|
||||
crc_ok = False
|
||||
ref_crc = ''
|
||||
print(' '.join(f'{col if col else ""}{c if c else 0:02x}' for col, c in itertools.zip_longest(field_colors,
|
||||
if len(payload) == 12:
|
||||
print(' '.join(f'{col if col else ""}{c if c else 0:02x}' for col, c in itertools.zip_longest(field_colors,
|
||||
payload)), 'OK' if crc_ok else f'WRONG')
|
||||
except cobs.DecodeError:
|
||||
print('COBS framing error')
|
||||
|
|
@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|||
isprint = lambda c: c in b'0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~ '
|
||||
if byte_count == 16:
|
||||
printable = ''.join( chr(c) if isprint(c) else '.' for c in line )
|
||||
print(f'\033[93m | {printable}\033[0m')
|
||||
#print(f'\033[93m | {printable}\033[0m')
|
||||
byte_count = 0
|
||||
line = b''
|
||||
lastc = c
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue