ma: Add country overview
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2 changed files with 94 additions and 9 deletions
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@ -1164,4 +1164,66 @@
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urldate = {2020-05-14},
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}
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@InBook{brown01,
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author = {Marilyn A. Brown and Shan Zhou},
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booktitle = {Advances in Energy Systems: The Large-scale Renewable Energy Integration Challenge},
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date = {2019},
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title = {Smart‐Grid Policies: An International Review},
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doi = {10.1002/9781119508311},
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edition = {First Ed.},
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publisher = {Wiley},
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subtitle = {The Large-scale Renewable Energy Integration Challenge},
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comment = {Extremely obvious industry pandering.},
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year = {2019},
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}
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@WWW{kamstrup01,
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author = {Kamstrup A/S},
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date = {2018},
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title = {STS prepayment meter},
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url = {https://www.kamstrup.com/en-en/electricity-solutions/smart-electricity-meters/sts-prepayment-meter},
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urldate = {2020-05-18},
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}
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@Book{sato01,
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author = {Takuro Sato and Daniel M. Kammen and Bin Duan and Martin Macuha and Zhenyu Zhou and Jun Wu and Muhammad Tariq and Solomon Abebe Asfaw},
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date = {2015},
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title = {Smart Grid Standards},
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publisher = {Wiley},
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subtitle = {Specifications, Requirements and Technologies},
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}
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@Report{ec03,
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date = {2014},
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institution = {European Commission},
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title = {Single Market Progress Report: Country Profiles – Italy},
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type = {resreport},
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url = {https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_countryreports_italy.pdf},
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urldate = {2020-05-18},
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}
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@Report{usitc01,
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author = {Lisa Alejandro and Caitlin Blair and Laura Bloodgood and Mahnaz Khan and Martha Lawless and Daniel Meehan and Patrick Schneider and Karl Tsuji},
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date = {2014},
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institution = {U.S. International Trade Commission},
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title = {Global Market for Smart Electricity Meters},
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type = {resreport},
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subtitle = {Government Policies Driving Strong Growth},
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url = {https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/id-037smart_meters_final.pdf},
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urldate = {2020-05-18},
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}
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@TechReport{toshiba01,
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author = {Mitsuhide Ishima and Kiyoyuki Terai and Yoshihiro Ogita},
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date = {2018},
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institution = {Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions},
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title = {Construction and Operation of Communication System for Smart Meter System of TEPCO Power Grid, Inc.},
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pages = {46-50},
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url = {https://www.toshiba.co.jp/tech/review/2018/04/73_04pdf/f02.pdf},
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urldate = {2020-05-18},
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issue = {4},
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journaltitle = {Toshiba Review},
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volume = {73},
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}
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@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;}
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@ -422,10 +422,11 @@ top of the regular mains voltage. These systems require high-power transmitters
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bridge regional distances\cite{dzung01}.
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Another important additional function is that in some countries some smart meters can be used to remotely disconnect
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consumer households with outstanding bills. Using euphemisms such as \emph{Utility Revenue Protection} or the more
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cynical \emph{Consumer Empowerment}\cite{kamstrup01} these systems allow an utility company to remotely disconnect a
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customer at any time. Whereas before smart metering this required either additional hardware or an expensive site visit
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by a qualified technician smart meters have ushered in an era of frictionless control\footnote{
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consumer households with outstanding bills. Using euphemisms such as \emph{utility revenue protection}\cite{kamstrup01}
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or \emph{reducing nontechnical losses}\cite{brown01} while cynically claiming \emph{Consumer
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Empowerment}\cite{kamstrup01} these systems allow an utility company to remotely disconnect a customer at any time.
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Whereas before smart metering this required either additional hardware or an expensive site visit by a qualified
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technician smart meters have ushered in an era of frictionless control\footnote{
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Note that in some countries such as the UK non-networked mechanical prepayment meters did exist. In such systems the
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user inserts coins into a coin slot that activates a load switch at the household's main electricity connection.
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These systems were non-networked and did not allow for remote control. A disadvantage of such systems compared to
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@ -466,22 +467,44 @@ transport encryption and other cryptographic services\cite{bsi-tr-03109-2,bsi-tr
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\subsubsection{France}
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% FIXME
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\subsubsection{the UK}
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\subsubsection{The UK}
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% FIXME
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\subsubsection{Italy}
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% FIXME
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\subsubsection{Northern America}
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% FIXME
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Italy was among the first countries to legally mandate the widespread installation of smart meters in households. Italy
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in 2006 and 2007 by law set a starting date for the rollout in 2008\cite{brown01}. The Italian electricity market was
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recently privatized. While the wholesale market and transmission network privatization has advanced the vast majority of
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retail customers continued to use the incumbent distribution system operator ENEL as their supplier\cite{ec03}. This
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dominant position allowed ENEL to orchestrate the large-scale rollout of smart meters in Italy. An unique feature of the
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Italian smart metering infrastructure is that it relies on Powerline Communication (PLC) to bridge distances between
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meters and cellular radio gateways\cite{gungor01}.
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\subsubsection{Japan}
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% FIXME
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Japan is currently rolling out smart metering infrastructure. Compared to other countries in Japan significant
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standardization effort has been spent on smart home integration.\cite{usitc01,sato01,brown01}. Japan has domestic
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standards (JIS) for metrology and physical dimensions. The TEPCO deployment currently being rolled out is based on the
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IEC DLMS/COSEM standards suite for remote meter reading in conjuction with the Japanese ECHONET protocol for the
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home-area network. Smart meters are connected to TEPCO's backend systems through the customer's internet connection,
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sub-gigahertz radio based on 802.15.4 framing, regular landline internet or PLC\cite{toshiba01}.
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\subsubsection{The USA}
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In the USA the rollout of smart meters has been promoted by law as early as 2005. The US electricity market is highly
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complex with states having significant authority to decide on their own policies\cite{brown01}. Different from the IEC
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standards used in large fraction of the rest of the world, the USA have their own domestic set of standards for smart
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meters developed by ANSI\cite{sato01}. The main difference between IEC and ANSI-standard meters is that ANSI-standard
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meters are round devices that plug into a wall-mounted socket while IEC devices are usually rectangular and connected
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directly to the mains wiring through large screw terminals\cite{ifixit01}.
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\subsection{Common themes}
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% FIXME
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% FIXME overall thing: here or somewhere else mention the ongoing confusion of smart metering and smart home, e.g.
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% sato01
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\section{Security in smart grids}
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The smart grid in practice is nothing more or less than an aggregation of embedded control and measurement devices that
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