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43
paper/paper.bib
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@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
isbn = {978-1-4503-4139-4}
}
@inproceedings{arpPrivacyThreatsUltrasonic2017a,
@inproceedings{arpPrivacyThreatsUltrasonic2017,
title = {Privacy {{Threats}} through {{Ultrasonic Side Channels}} on {{Mobile Devices}}},
booktitle = {2017 {{IEEE European Symposium}} on {{Security}} and {{Privacy}} ({{EuroS}}\&{{P}})},
author = {Arp, Daniel and Quiring, Erwin and Wressnegger, Christian and Rieck, Konrad},
@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/Couteau et al_2021_Silver.pdf}
}
@article{cuellarStaticFatigueLifetime1987,
@article{cuellarStaticFatigueLifetime1987a,
title = {Static Fatigue Lifetime of Optical Fibers in Bending},
author = {Cuellar, E. and Roberts, D. and Middleman, L.},
date = {1987-01-01},
@ -1567,6 +1567,23 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/J7DQKVVH/Goos et al. - 1999 - Information Theoretically Secure Communication in .pdf}
}
@article{gotteCantTouchThis2022,
title = {Can’t {{Touch This}}: {{Inertial HSMs Thwart Advanced Physical Attacks}}},
shorttitle = {Can’t {{Touch This}}},
author = {Götte, Jan Sebastian and Scheuermann, Björn},
date = {2022},
journaltitle = {IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems},
pages = {69--93},
issn = {2569-2925},
doi = {10.46586/tches.v2022.i1.69-93},
url = {https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/9290},
urldate = {2024-11-08},
abstract = {In this paper, we introduce a novel countermeasure against physical attacks: Inertial Hardware Security Modules (IHSMs). Conventional systems have in common that their security requires the crafting of fine sensor structures that respond to minute manipulations of the monitored security boundary or volume. Our approach is novel in that we reduce the sensitivity requirement of security meshes and other sensors and increase the complexity of any manipulations by rotating the security mesh or sensor at high speed—thereby presenting a moving target to an attacker. Attempts to stop the rotation are easily monitored with commercial MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes. Our approach leads to an HSM that can easily be built from off-the-shelf parts by any university electronics lab, yet offers a level of security that is comparable to commercial HSMs. We have built a proof-of-concept hardware prototype that demonstrates solutions to the concept’s main engineering challenges. As part of this proof-of-concept, we have found that a system using a coarse security mesh made from commercial printed circuit boards and an automotive high-g-force accelerometer already provides a useful level of security.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {electronic commerce,hardware security,implementation,smart cards},
file = {/home/jaseg/Sync/Research/Zotero/2022_Götte_Scheuermann_Can’t Touch This.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{griloObliviousTransferMiniQCrypt2021,
title = {Oblivious {{Transfer Is}} in {{MiniQCrypt}}},
booktitle = {Advances in {{Cryptology}} – {{EUROCRYPT}} 2021},
@ -1935,16 +1952,16 @@
@online{IEEEXploreFullTexta,
title = {{{IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF}}:},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6520632},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8558378},
urldate = {2024-09-10},
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/PQYCW7K7/stamp.html}
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/HJJK32NF/stamp.html}
}
@online{IEEEXploreFullTextb,
title = {{{IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF}}:},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8558378},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6520632},
urldate = {2024-09-10},
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/HJJK32NF/stamp.html}
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/PQYCW7K7/stamp.html}
}
@online{ImpactPolarizationMode,
@ -2417,11 +2434,11 @@
issn = {2511-9044, 2511-9044},
doi = {10.1002/qute.201800011},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.09278},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
urldate = {2024-05-02},
abstract = {Quantum key distribution using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum-cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection efficiencies. However, despite the actual simplicity of the protocol, the security analysis of this method is rather involved compared to discrete-variable QKD. In this article we review the theoretical foundations of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) with Gaussian modulation and rederive the essential relations from scratch in a pedagogical way. The aim of this paper is to be as comprehensive and self-contained as possible in order to be well intelligible even for readers with little pre-knowledge on the subject. Although the present article is a theoretical discussion of CV-QKD, its focus lies on practical implementations, taking into account various kinds of hardware imperfections and suggesting practical methods to perform the security analysis subsequent to the key exchange. Apart from a review of well known results, this manuscript presents a set of new original noise models which are helpful to get an estimate of how well a given set of hardware will perform in practice.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Quantum Physics},
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/I7UL2SKX/Laudenbach et al. - 2018 - Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with .pdf}
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/A2BQHUUW/Laudenbach et al. - 2018 - Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with .pdf}
}
@article{laudenbachContinuousVariableQuantumKey2018a,
@ -2439,11 +2456,11 @@
issn = {2511-9044, 2511-9044},
doi = {10.1002/qute.201800011},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.09278},
urldate = {2024-05-02},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
abstract = {Quantum key distribution using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum-cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection efficiencies. However, despite the actual simplicity of the protocol, the security analysis of this method is rather involved compared to discrete-variable QKD. In this article we review the theoretical foundations of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) with Gaussian modulation and rederive the essential relations from scratch in a pedagogical way. The aim of this paper is to be as comprehensive and self-contained as possible in order to be well intelligible even for readers with little pre-knowledge on the subject. Although the present article is a theoretical discussion of CV-QKD, its focus lies on practical implementations, taking into account various kinds of hardware imperfections and suggesting practical methods to perform the security analysis subsequent to the key exchange. Apart from a review of well known results, this manuscript presents a set of new original noise models which are helpful to get an estimate of how well a given set of hardware will perform in practice.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Quantum Physics},
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/A2BQHUUW/Laudenbach et al. - 2018 - Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with .pdf}
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/I7UL2SKX/Laudenbach et al. - 2018 - Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with .pdf}
}
@article{laudenbachContinuousVariableQuantumKey2018b,
@ -2489,7 +2506,7 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/SPNJ8KBL/Launchbury et al. - 2014 - Application-Scale Secure Multiparty Computation.pdf}
}
@article{leePrintedSpiralWinding2011a,
@article{leePrintedSpiralWinding2011,
title = {Printed {{Spiral Winding Inductor With Wide Frequency Bandwidth}}},
author = {Lee, Chi Kwan and Su, Y. P. and Ron Hui, S. Y.},
date = {2011-10},
@ -2676,7 +2693,7 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/WBSKAYAN/Long et al. - 2024 - EM Eye Characterizing Electromagnetic Side-channe.pdf}
}
@article{lopeFirstSelfResonant2021,
@article{lopeFirstSelfresonantFrequency2021,
title = {First Self‐resonant Frequency of Power Inductors Based on Approximated Corrected Stray Capacitances},
author = {Lope, Ignacio and Carretero, Claudio and Acero, Jesus},
date = {2021-02},
@ -3050,7 +3067,7 @@
file = {/home/jaseg/Zotero/storage/EBAXQHG5/Mosavirik et al. - 2022 - ImpedanceVerif On-Chip Impedance Sensing for Syst.pdf}
}
@article{mosavirikSiliconEchoesNonInvasive2023a,
@article{mosavirikSiliconEchoesNonInvasive2023,
title = {Silicon {{Echoes}}: {{Non-Invasive Trojan}} and {{Tamper Detection}} Using {{Frequency-Selective Impedance Analysis}}},
shorttitle = {Silicon {{Echoes}}},
author = {Mosavirik, Tahoura and Monfared, Saleh Khalaj and Safa, Maryam Saadat and Tajik, Shahin},

61
paper/paper.tex
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
\documentclass[conference,compsoc]{IEEEtran}
\documentclass[journal,12pt,onecolumn,draftclsnofoot]{IEEEtran}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[
@ -32,10 +32,15 @@
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcommand{\partnum}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\todo}[1]{\textbf{TODO}\footnote{#1}}
% Set to 1.0 for final two-column export
\newlength{\figurescale}
\setlength{\figurescale}{0.75\textwidth}
\begin{document}
\date{}
\date{November 14 2024}
\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Jan Sebastian Götte}\thanks{Jan Sebastian Götte is with the Technical University of Darmstadt,
64283 Darmstadt, Germany (e-mail: jan.goette@tu-darmstadt.de).}}
\title{Wireless Power Transfer with a Twist:
Achieving Rotation-Invariant Coupling using Twisted Multi-Layer PCB Inductors}
\maketitle
@ -151,25 +156,25 @@ each other.
Back then, a number of ways were devised to decrease distributed capacitance in multilayer inductors. These methods can
be divided into two general categories: Optimizing the connecting order of turns to minimize the voltage differential
between adjacent turns---a technique that is still used to this day\cite{lopeFirstSelfResonant2021}, and optimizing the
winding schema to increase the separation between turns. The main technique in the first category concerns winding the
turns of a cylindrical multilayer inductor not layer by layer, but instead layering them diagonally, effectively
connecting adjacent turns in a diagonal zigzag pattern. Then as now, wound inductors applying this technique were not
feasible to manufacture reliably by machine, but the technique can be closely replicated in PCB inductors as shown in
\textcite{leePrintedSpiralWinding2011a}. The main limiting factors in a PCB implementation are the requirement for a
large number of vias inside the inductor's turns limiting the achievable turn count\footnote{In PCBs, as opposed to
ICs, vias limit the achievable turn count when they need to be placed in-line inside the turns as opposed to on the
inside or outside because a PCB's minimum trace/space widths are usually much smaller than the smallest feasible via,
consisting of a minimum-size drill surrounded by a minimum-size annular ring.} and increasing ESR through the thin trace
sections that are necessary to accomodate the via structure, as well as the layer pairing limitations when blind vias
are used in multilayer PCBs.
between adjacent turns---a technique that is still used to this day\cite{lopeFirstSelfResonantFrequency2021}, and
optimizing the winding schema to increase the separation between turns. The main technique in the first category
concerns winding the turns of a cylindrical multilayer inductor not layer by layer, but instead layering them
diagonally, effectively connecting adjacent turns in a diagonal zigzag pattern. Then as now, wound inductors applying
this technique were not feasible to manufacture reliably by machine, but the technique can be closely replicated in PCB
inductors as shown in \textcite{leePrintedSpiralWinding2011}. The main limiting factors in a PCB implementation are the
requirement for a large number of vias inside the inductor's turns limiting the achievable turn count\footnote{In PCBs,
as opposed to ICs, vias limit the achievable turn count when they need to be placed in-line inside the turns as opposed
to on the inside or outside because a PCB's minimum trace/space widths are usually much smaller than the smallest
feasible via, consisting of a minimum-size drill surrounded by a minimum-size annular ring.} and increasing ESR through
the thin trace sections that are necessary to accomodate the via structure, as well as the layer pairing limitations
when blind vias are used in multilayer PCBs.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\subcaptionbox{\raggedright A honeycomb coil in \textcite{saackeRadiotechnikIIIEmpfanger1926}}{
\includegraphics[width=0.25\linewidth]{figures/saacke-radiotechnik-3-ledionspule.jpg}}
\includegraphics[width=0.25\figurescale]{figures/saacke-radiotechnik-3-ledionspule.jpg}}
\subcaptionbox{\raggedright A basket-woven coil in \textcite{kleinSpulenUndSchwingungskreise1941}}{
\includegraphics[width=0.25\linewidth]{figures/klein-spulen-schwingkreise-korbspule.jpg}}
\includegraphics[width=0.25\figurescale]{figures/klein-spulen-schwingkreise-korbspule.jpg}}
\end{center}
\caption{Illustrations of honeycomb and basket-woven coils from the early days of wireless radio.}
\textbf{TODO}: Not final graphics. Get proper scans for camera-ready version
@ -258,7 +263,7 @@ differential signal, with the inductor loading both driver outputs equally acros
Setting the inversion count to $k=1$ in our proposed scheme as shown below yields the counterwound scheme that is
commonly used for two-layer planar
inductors\cite{lopeFirstSelfResonant2021,sproHighVoltageInsulationDesign2021,leePrintedSpiralWinding2011a}, and
inductors\cite{lopeFirstSelfresonantFrequency2021,sproHighVoltageInsulationDesign2021,leePrintedSpiralWinding2011}, and
which has been used to stack planar coils for more than a century\cite{flemingPrinciplesElectricWave1910}.
% They note that the main point behind the design is electrical symmetry of the two ports to make driving the thing
@ -380,7 +385,7 @@ will call all layouts with $k\ge 2$ \emph{Twisted Inductors}.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/nk_interleave_illust.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\figurescale]{figures/nk_interleave_illust.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{single-layer spiral inductor's layout (left), a conventional two-layer planar inductor's layout (middle),
and a twisted inductor with two inversions (right). All three inductors have $n=3$ turns. Traces on the PCB top
@ -410,7 +415,7 @@ Remainder Theorem, which states that this solution is unique when $k$ and $n$ ar
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{figures/nk_chinese_remainder_illust.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\figurescale]{figures/nk_chinese_remainder_illust.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Illustration of the winding pattern of two twisted inductors. The upper plots show the inductor's actual
layout with the traces on each side of the substrate colored in red (top) and blue (bottom), respectively. The lower
@ -736,7 +741,7 @@ measuring their coupling.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.85\linewidth]{figures/test_schematic.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.85\figurescale]{figures/test_schematic.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{The test schematic used in all measurements. For direct coupling factor measurements, the load resistor was
disconnected. We measure voltage at the output of the function generator to account for drop in its internal output
@ -759,7 +764,7 @@ in some cases amounting to several percent of total RMS output voltage.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/symmetry_3turn_n_twist.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\figurescale]{figures/symmetry_3turn_n_twist.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{RMS output voltage of the test circuit from Figure\ \ref{symmetry_test_circuit} for three pairs of matching
inductors with one inductor rotating w.r.t.\ the other. The inductors have $n=3$ turns each and $k=0$, $k=1$, and
@ -801,7 +806,7 @@ for $k=7$ inversions.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.85\linewidth]{figures/k_ripple_plot.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.85\figurescale]{figures/k_ripple_plot.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{RMS Voltage ripple in a model rotating WPT setup with $R_L=\qty{10}{\ohm}$ as a percentage of total RMS
output voltage, plotted against inductor inversion count $k$. Measurements were taken with a number of different
@ -814,7 +819,7 @@ for $k=7$ inversions.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{figures/field_plot_3d_n5_k0.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.6\figurescale]{figures/field_plot_3d_n5_k0.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{The coupling between a pair of identical coils (here two simple spiral inductors with $n=5$ and $k=0$)
visualized in three dimensions. The $x$ and $y$ axis show in-plane displacement, and the $z$ axis shows output
@ -828,7 +833,7 @@ for $k=7$ inversions.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\linewidth]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n3_r4.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.75\figurescale]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n3_r4.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{RMS ripple magnitude as a percentage of mean RMS output voltage, plotted against the rotation of each of
the two inductors. The two coils were kept at a constant \qty{4}{\milli\meter} radial offset, and the output coil
@ -841,7 +846,7 @@ for $k=7$ inversions.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\linewidth]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n5_r4.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.75\figurescale]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n5_r4.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{RMS ripple magnitude as shown in Figure\ \ref{fig_rms_ripple_n3} for four different 5-turn coils.}
\label{fig_rms_ripple_n5}
@ -895,7 +900,7 @@ set of tools for the generation of twisted inductor layouts that we wrote can be
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/symmetry_10turn_n_twist.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\figurescale]{figures/symmetry_10turn_n_twist.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Coupled RMS output voltage of three pairs of matching inductors with $n=10$ turns each and $k=0$, $k=1$,
and $k=3$, respectively, shown as in Figure\ \ref{fig_symmetry_3turn_n_twist}}
@ -904,7 +909,7 @@ set of tools for the generation of twisted inductor layouts that we wrote can be
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\linewidth]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n10_r4.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.75\figurescale]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n10_r4.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{RMS ripple magnitude as shown in Figure\ \ref{fig_rms_ripple_n3} for four different 10-turn coils.}
\label{fig_rms_ripple_n10}
@ -912,7 +917,7 @@ set of tools for the generation of twisted inductor layouts that we wrote can be
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\linewidth]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n25_r4.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.75\figurescale]{figures/rms_ripple_double_rotation_n25_r4.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{RMS ripple magnitude as shown in Figure\ \ref{fig_rms_ripple_n3} for four different 25-turn coils.}
\label{fig_rms_ripple_n25}