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thesis: Add grid frequency measurement plots

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14
ma/resources/nbexport.tplx
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@ -9,5 +9,17 @@
((*- endblock header -*))
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((* block stream *))
((*- if output.name != 'stderr' -*))
((( super() )))
((*- endif -*))
((* endblock stream *))
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((*- if 'application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json' not in output.data -*))
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56
ma/safety_reset.bib
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@ -472,14 +472,14 @@
x-color = {#cc3300},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{entsoe01,
author = {ENTSO-E System Protection Dynamics and WG},
month = mar,
title = {Oscillation Event 03.12.2017},
url = {https://docstore.entsoe.eu/Documents/SOC%20documents/Regional_Groups_Continental_Europe/OSCILLATION_REPORT_SPD.pdf},
year = {2018}
}
@TechReport{entsoe01,
author = {{ENTSO-E System Protection Dynamics and WG}},
title = {Oscillation Event 03.12.2017},
url = {https://docstore.entsoe.eu/Documents/SOC%20documents/Regional_Groups_Continental_Europe/OSCILLATION_REPORT_SPD.pdf},
month = mar,
year = {2018},
}
@article{leveson01,
author = {Nancy G. Leveson and Clark S. Turner},
@ -540,14 +540,14 @@
title = {Smart meters in smart grid: An overview},
year = {2013}
}
@techreport{cenelec01,
author = {The CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group Standards Smart on for Grids},
month = may,
organization = {CEN/CENELEC/ETSI},
title = {Final report of the CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids},
year = {2011}
}
@TechReport{cenelec01,
author = {{The CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group Standards Smart on for Grids}},
title = {Final report of the CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids},
month = may,
organization = {CEN/CENELEC/ETSI},
year = {2011},
}
@techreport{pariente01,
author = {Dillon Pariente and Emmanuel Ledinot},
@ -820,4 +820,28 @@
year = {2016},
}
@Article{perrin01,
author = {Perrin, Trevor},
title = {The Noise protocol framework, 2015},
journal = {URL http://noiseprotocol. org/noise. pdf},
year = {2016},
}
@Article{kabalci01,
author = {Yasin Kabalci},
title = {A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.114},
issn = {1364-0321},
pages = {302-318},
volume = {57},
year = {2016},
}
@Thesis{gasior02,
author = {Gasior, Marek},
title = {{Improving frequency resolution of discrete spectra: algorithms of three-node interpolation}},
url = {https://cds.cern.ch/record/1346070},
year = {2006},
}
@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;}

52
ma/safety_reset.tex
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@ -889,7 +889,7 @@ despite numerous distortions.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{../lab-windows/fig_out/mains_voltage_spectrum}
\caption{Fourier transform of an 8 hour capture of mains voltage. Data was captured using our frequency measurement
\caption{Fourier transform of a 24 hour capture of mains voltage. Data was captured using our frequency measurement
sensor described in section \ref{sec-fsensor} and FFT'ed after applying a blackman window. Vertical lines indicate
$50 \text{Hz}$ and odd harmonics.}
\label{mains_voltage_spectrum}
@ -1055,6 +1055,44 @@ interface and its good tolerance of system resets due to unexpected power loss.
\subsection{Frequency sensor measurement results}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{../lab-windows/fig_out/freq_meas_trace_24h}
\caption{Trace of grid frequency over a 24 hour window. One clearly visible feature are large positive and negative
transients at full hours. Times shown are UTC. Note that the european continental synchronous area that this
sensor is placed in covers several time zones which may result in images of daily load peaks appearing in 1 hour
intervals. Fig.\ \ref{freq_meas_trace_mag} contains two magnified intervals from this plot.}
\label{freq_meas_trace}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{../lab-windows/fig_out/freq_meas_trace_2h_1}
\caption{A 2 hour window around 00:00 UTC.}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics{../lab-windows/fig_out/freq_meas_trace_2h_2}
\caption{A 2 hour window around 18:30 UTC.}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Two magnified 2 hour windows of the trace from fig.\ \ref{freq_meas_trace}.}
\label{freq_meas_trace_mag}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{../lab-windows/fig_out/freq_meas_spectrum}
\caption{Fourier transform of the 24 hour grid frequency trace in fig. \ref{freq_meas_trace} with some notable peaks
annotated with the corresponding period in seconds. The $\frac{1}{f}$ line indicates a pink noise spectrum. We can
clearly see the noise spectrum flattens below some frequency around $\frac{1}{120 \text{s}}$. This effect is due to
primary control actively regulating grid frequency over such time intervals. Beyond the $\frac{1}{f}$ slope starting
at around $1 \text{Hz}$ we can make out a white noise floor in the order of $\frac{\mu\text{Hz}}{\text{Hz}}$.
% TODO: where does this noise floor come from? Is it a fundamental property of the grid? Is it due to limitations of
% our measurement setup (such as ocxo stability/phase noise) ???
}
\label{freq_meas_spectrum}
\end{figure}
Captured raw waveform data is processed in the Jupyter Lab environment\cite{kluyver01} and grid frequency estimates are
extracted as described in sec. \ref{frequency_estimation} using the \textcite{gasior01} technique. Appendix
\ref{grid_freq_estimation_notebook} contains the Jupyter notebook we used for frequency measurement.
@ -1063,6 +1101,16 @@ extracted as described in sec. \ref{frequency_estimation} using the \textcite{ga
\section{Channel simulation and parameter validation}
To validate all layers of our communication stack from modulation scheme to cryptography we built a prototype
implementation in python. Implementing all components in a high-level language builds up familiartiy with the concepts
while taking away much of the implementation complexity. For our demonstrator we will not be able to use python since
our target platform is a cheap low-end microcontroller. Our demonstrator firmware will have to be written in a low-level
language such as C or rust. For prototyping these languages lack flexibility compared to python.
% FIXME introduce project outline, specs -> proto -> demo above!
To validate our modulation scheme we performed a series of simulations. We produced modulated frequency data that we
superimposed with either of simulated pink noise or an actual grid frequency measurement series.
% FIXME do test series with simulated noise emulating measured noise spectrum
\section{Implementation of a demonstrator unit}
@ -1070,6 +1118,8 @@ extracted as described in sec. \ref{frequency_estimation} using the \textcite{ga
\section{Lessons learned}
\chapter{Future work}
\section{Technical standardization}
The description of a safety reset system provided in this work could be translated into a formalized technical standard